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1.2 Advanced Microturbine System Study 1.2.1 System Study Perspective and Methods A microturbine is a small-scale electrical power generation system that typically consists of a low pressure-ratio recuperated gas turbine engine driving a generator. The typical fuel is natural gas although some designs are qualified for liquid fuel or opportunity fuels such as landfill gas. An electrically driven fuel gas booster is often included to deliver the fuel pressure required by the engine, but its power usage is usually not included in the system performance ratings. Microturbine system manufacturers use a low pressure-ratio gas turbine engine to avoid the costs associated with multiple turbomachinery stages and/or specialized cooling as may be required for high pressure-ratio engines. However, the thermal efficiency of a low pressure-ratio engine (shaft power/input fuel energy rate) is less than 15%. A recuperator, which is high temperature heat exchanger that transfers energy from the turbine exhaust flow to the compressor discharge flow, is used to reduce the thermal energy exhausted by the system and thereby increase thermal efficiency to over 25%. Generator designs include induction or permanent magnet devices that are rotated by the engine either directly or through a geared connection. The permanent magnet design is operated either synchronous to the electrical grid or at high speed in which case an inverter transforms the rectified generator output to high-quality power at desired characteristics (frequency, voltage, etc). The Capstone Turbine Corporation, Energy Systems of the Ingersoll-Rand Company, and Elliott Energy Systems, Inc currently sell commercial products with power outputs ranging from 30 kW to 250 kW at ISO ambient conditions (59F, Sea Level, 60% RH). Table 1.2.1 depicts ratings of current natural gas fueled offerings. As indicated, LHV electrical efficiencies range 26% to 30%, most units have very low NOx emissions, and most integrate an exhaust heat recovery heat exchanger. Such devices have become common to produce another energy stream valued by the customer. UTRC performed a system trade-off study to determine affordable pathways to achieve the AMS goals. These goals were considered together as the desirable AMS must achieve a competitive COE, a combination of first cost, electrical efficiency, maintenance cost, and life. In general, lower first cost and much higher electrical efficiency than offered by current microturbine systems must be simultaneously achieved. It was accepted that the lean, premixed combustion strategy currently in use (e.g. Capstone) would be adopted and extended to lower NOx emissions. Fuel flexibility was not included in the high priority design constraints, and a natural gas fired system was sought. UTRC analyzed over 200 cycles representing combinations of Brayton-cycle gas turbine systems and Rankine cycle systems for performance and cost. A Rankine cycle is a heat engine that accepts energy at a high temperature, converts some of the input to useful 13PDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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