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The design-point Brayton-cycle analysis employed the Keenan and Kaye gas properties for air and for the products of combustion. ‘Design point’ implied that component performance is given, not computed from component performance maps. The component performance figures used were based on component performance predictions generated for the ST5 engine and, where no formal performance prediction capability existed, on engineering judgment. In addition to the component efficiencies, it was important to include duct and heat exchanger pressure losses and engine bleeds, and parasitic power losses in order to accurately assess the performance of a complex cycle such as a recuperated Brayton-cycle with a bottoming cycle. The design point Rankine-cycle analysis used working fluid properties collated by NIST and published as the RefProp program. The working fluids investigated are hydrofluourocarbons that have previously been evaluated for use in refrigeration cycles, hence the acronym, RefProp. The ORC consists of the standard Rankine cycle components – pump, evaporator, turbine, feed heater, and condenser. 1.2.2 System Study Conclusions 1. System electrical efficiencies greater than 40% are compatible with cost effectiveness using combined recuperated-gas-turbine-engine/ORC-bottoming cycle configurations. Figure 1.2.2 shows a cycle diagram for a system that employs a recuperator capable of operating at 1250F with a ceramic turbine that requires 4% less compressor bleed for cooling than would a metallic turbine. The 1250F recuperator operating temperature is between 70 and 100F higher than current technology. Based on available information on recuperator cost, it was assumed that an advanced material would be required which would increase the recuperator cost by 40% above that of the baseline. The turbine entrance temperature is less than 100F above the level used in the baseline. Even though small, this increase will require a more capable material than used in the baseline in order to achieve the required lifetime. It was assumed that a ceramic material, requiring less cooling and costing 10% less to fabricate, would be available. The performance analysis tools were used to examine variants of the cycle illustrated in Figure 1.2.2. A re-examination of the effect of cycle pressure ratio was performed for this specific cycle as illustrated in Figure 1.2.3. Note that in these analyses, recuperator technology was kept constant with T7 = 1250F. This presentation is in contrast with the more usual analysis in which turbine technology, as represented by T4, is kept constant. Low pressure-ratio (PR) systems require high recuperator use temperature to benefit from them. If T7 is limited, low PR systems perform worse than high PR systems. Some benefit to cycle efficiency was observed in increasing PR above 8:1, but the efficiency increase was not found to be sufficient to offset the cost associated with developing the new compressor design. 15PDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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