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quickly becomes prohibitive (see below). On the other hand, little or no advancement in materials technology and component performance appears to be required to implement an ORC. The key to the ORC is the capability of the organic working fluid. The fluid must be safe, non-toxic, environmentally safe, thermally stable, affordable, and have thermodynamic properties suitable for low temperature (<500F) cycles. The studies conducted focused on the use of fluids currently available in commercial quantities. The cycle illustrated above is based on the use of R245fa, which based on available data is considered non-toxic, not an ozone scavenger, non-flammable, stable to temperatures above 350 F, and reasonably priced. As shown in Figure 1.2.2, for the cycle analyzed, the evaporator exit temperature is 357F and the maximum pressure is 440 psia. The minimum temperature differential (the temperature ‘pinch’ in a counterflow exchanger) was kept above 25F in the three exchangers. For this advanced cycle, the contributions of each of the strategies for improving efficiency are illustrated in Figure 1.2.4. The ORC contributes 6.4 points in efficiency. The assumed improvement in electrical generator/inverter performance contributes 1.7 points in efficiency, while the combined effect of the modestly hotter recuperator and the ceramic turbine with its reduced cooling requirement contributes 2.8 points. 3. Recuperator cost limits gas turbine cycle temperature. 2.8 Electrical 1.7 Figure 1.2.4 Recuperator and turbine Relative contribution to achieve 40% electrical efficiency For a given engine cycle, there is a monotonic relationship between turbine entrance temperature and recuperator operating temperature. Whereas improvements in turbine cooling schemes and the development of advanced metallics and ceramics offered promise of higher turbine operating conditions, affordable recuperators capable of handling the increased temperatures were not identified. For the cycle of interest, the relationship between turbine entrance temperature and recuperator entrance temperature is shown in Figure 1.2.5. Current technology is characterized by metallic turbines operating in the T4 range of 1900 – 2000F, requiring recuperators capable of operating in the T7 range of 1150 – 1250F for this combined cycle system. If an aggressive ceramic turbine technology were pursued to allow T4 levels of 2000-2300F, recuperator operation 17 ORC 6.4PDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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