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500, and shown that NOx concentrations are less than 1.5 ppm. CFD results need to be further calibrated by test data. 2.2.4 Dynamic Stability Analyses Thermoacoustic instabilities can severely impact the ability to achieve low emissions in lean premixed combustion systems. To perform acoustic modeling of the combustion system, accurate test data on impedance of the CTD or scroll were needed due to its complex geometry to model. The frequency dependent impedance of the scroll was successfully measured in a cold flow test. The purpose of the measurement was to use it as the boundary conditions to models in order to predict more accurate acoustic modes and damping upstream of the scroll. Acoustic impedance is defined as acoustic pressure divided by acoustic particle velocity. The 2-microphone technique was used to measure the impedance. This technique, under the assumption of 1-D planar waves, requires an acoustic pressure measurement at 2 closely spaced sensor locations as a function of frequency. Figure 2.2.9 shows the experimental setup. Upstream of the test section a venturi measured the flow rate, followed by a perforated plate acting as an upstream choked boundary condition. Downstream of the perforated plate was the inlet plenum of the test section. Airflow coming from left passed through a perforated plate simulating the fuel nozzle. After going through the long cylinder representing the combustor, it entered the scroll. At the exit of the scroll a perforated plate was inserted to simulate the choked exit boundary condition imposed by the first turbine blade row. From the exit the flow exhausted to atmosphere. Two speakers were mounted just down stream of the fuel nozzle to generate the acoustic excitation needed for the test. I I n nl le e t Figure 2.2.9 casing, S-scroll, SC-scroll casing, Units: inch) C R C CC c c C C 2 S S S ce S S C C C 1 e 2 2 - en S1 1 n n t 1- - - - - C 1 1 - t t e S S S 4 C C C - -S e e r S r r l 4 4 C C 3 SC l l i C 3 3 ( C3 i i n n 3 3 ( ne e ( ( L L L R ( ( ep C C R ) CC p pr r r o C C s o o b ) ) R ) b s s t be e e ) ) ) t ta a a r ) ) r rt t ti i in n n g g g a a at t t Scroll impedance measurement setup (C-combustor, CC-combustor 55 E Ex xh h a au u s st t t C R C C 1 1 1 - - -C C C 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( L L L RPDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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