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2.3.2.5 Pump Enhancements A major contributor to pump cavitation was entrainment of vapor bubbles from the receiver at low fluid level operations. The condenser return lines were initially routed into the vapor space of the tank, causing considerable frothing. These lines were later extended to the bottom of the tank to prevent condensation in the vapor space and to minimize frothing. This was effective until the receiver level dropped below a certain level, when the returns would uncover and entrain vapor into the remaining liquid. Any bubbles sucked into the pump inlet would not have time to condense in the near- saturation liquid, and cavitation would occur. A sparger was developed to slow the flow velocity and thus greatly minimize this entrainment. Regardless of the receiver design, the provided NPSH could not support full flow without the use of a boost pump. Because non-condensable gases are continuously purged from the system, it appeared likely that the pump inlet fluid was simply too close to saturation. Increasing the physical pump suction head was not feasible, but it was possible to add a small water-cooled heat exchanger to give a few degrees more sub-cooling to the nearly saturated fluid entering the pump. Testing showed that the combination of spargers and sub-cooling allowed operation of the system at full capacity without the boost pump. Also, sensitivity of the pump to rapid condenser fan variations appeared decreased. However, effect of low available NPSH was persistent and the pump cavitated readily. Secondly, since the characteristic curve of the pump was practically horizontal, little change in pressure difference across the pump resulted in large swings in flow rate making control of the system exceedingly difficult. The problem was eradicated only after the introduction of a regenerative pump with a steep characteristic curve albeit with poorer efficiency. 2.3.2.5 Electrical Interconnection In the Generation 1 ORC, the induction generator was connected to the grid through an inverter. In the Generation 2 design, the generator should be connected directly through contactors. In the event that the generator is disconnected from the grid due to a fault trip, the turbine will over-speed to approximately 1.6 times its nominal design speed. The Generation 1 design experienced this phenomenon several times without any apparent damage; however, to avoid potential reliability issues a scheme has been developed to prevent the over-speed condition. An electrical break was designed to hold the induction motor at close to its nominal operational speed for more than 5 seconds to give the controller time to close the turbine inlet valve and open the bypass valve. The electrical break is shown in Figure 2.3.12. 66PDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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