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The maximum pressure limit defining the zone is dictated by mechanical strength of the hardware. The maximum temperature limit is dictated by allowable oil temperature. The minimum superheat requirement is imposed to protect the turbine from ingesting liquid for fear of erosion. In addition to the above criteria, the controls must drive the operation state to the high-pressure limit in order to maximize the power efficiency of the system. To achieve these goals a modified-cascade closed loop control scheme was implanted as shown in Figure 2.3.15. Figure 2.3.15 Modified-cascade closed loop controller. Using this control scheme there are three modes of operation possible: • Closed loop PID on superheat, • Closed loop PID on pressure, and • Open loop on pump speed. When in closed loop the pressure/superheat transition occurs seamlessly. When in open- loop the algorithm is not called, and the pump speed is held constant or set by other logic. The refrigerant pump, which is the primary superheat-control actuator, is designed by the manufacture to be used as a nearly constant-pressure source, in that for a given speed it provides a large range of flow at nearly constant pressure. Using the cascade control scheme, the pressure limits may be varied dynamically to move the system operation from one region to another. The startup scheme transitions from open loop to closed loop, and then varies the pressure limits to slowly increase the operation pressure. The time constant of the pressure loop is fast, which prevents pressure over-shoot. The startup sequence is: • Apply hot air to evaporator (approximately half the design enthalpy flux) • Turn on pump to minimum speed (20 Hz). • Set high pressure limit to a value of pressure that can be achieved at steady-state at the initial low pump speed. (70 psia) • Wait until operating condition is on the pressure plateau of the pump curve, as determined by a model. 69PDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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