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ENERGY RESoURCES Typical hightemperature geothermal system used to generate electricity. Heated at depth, ground water becomes less dense than the surround ing water and rises through the fractures until encountering the cap rock. This hot water is tapped by production wells. Some of the fluid may leak through the cap rock to form hot springs, fumaroles, and geysers, or reach depths shallow enough to be encountered in water wells and min eral exploration holes. As the water beneath the cap rock moves laterally away from the upwelling center and cools, its density increases. Cooled pro duced water is also injected back into the system This cooler water descends along the margin of the system where it is be reheated, beginning another cycle. The resulting hydrothermal convection cell can be very stable, lasting for tens to hundreds of thousands of years or more. ascends through the upper mantle and into the lithosphere sometimes resulting in volcanic activity at the surface. This ris- ing magma creates areas where shallow geothermal systems can be harnessed for their energy. High-temperature convective geo- thermal systems, concentrated along the tectonic active areas near plate bounda- ries, are the most valuable and sought after commodities for geothermal electric power generation. To be viable in this regard, these systems require: 1) heat, which can be supplied by shallow magma bodies or deep circulation of fluids in areas of high geothermal gradients; 2) a supply of water, usually ground water; 3) adequate permeability through intercon- nected fractures; and 4) a seal or cap rock that confines the thermal fluids. Exploration “Geothermal exploration has not appre- ciably changed since we started exploiting this resource,” says Dr. Joseph Moore a geothermal researcher at the Energy and Geoscience Institute (EGI) at the Univer- Jeff Hulen and David Langton examine core from geothermal drilling. Located in the heart of Salt Lake City, Utah, the EGI Geothermal Sample Labo ratory contains over 520,000 kg of geothermal drill cores as well as drill cuttings. These represent several hundred kilometers of deep geothermal drilling completed around the globe at a cost in excess of 2 billion U.S. dollars. Research on these invaluable subsurface samples has enabled impor tant scientific breakthroughs in the understanding of volcanoes and hightemperature magmatic geothermal systems. sity of Utah.“We rely on surface indicators of rising heat such as steam vents, hot springs, and volcanic activity much like the oil industry used oil seeps to locate pros- pects around the turn of the century.” In fact, most potential areas have been inventoried for the locations and descrip- tions of surface geothermal activity as well as any wells that have encountered heat anomalies. Many of the current systems in operation have such surface expressions of geothermal activity. “Evidence of thermal activity at the sur- face thus remains the first line of explora- tion”, Moore says. However, many areas have little or no surface expression. “The geoscientist is the most important tool in exploring for geothermal prospects,” according to Jeff Hulen. “Once potential areas of high- er heat flow are identified, the geologist obtains and analyzes satellite imagery and available geologic maps, then completes additional, much more detailed mapping to delineate fault and fracture trends that could be key controls for underlying, con- cealed geothermal systems.” “A variety of geophysical and geochemi- cal techniques then can be applied for more confident characterization of the resource in advance of actual exploration drilling. Curiously, in the State of Nevada, geothermal prospecting has much in com- Some of the information for Exploration, Zeroing in and Testing the Prospect is from “Exploration Strategy for High-Temperature Hydrothermal Systems in Basin and Range Prov- ince”, Ward and others, AAPG Bull. January, 1981. The paper was prepared at the University of Utah Research Institute. Dr. Moore was one of the reviewers and still considers this paper to be one of the best to define geothermal exploration. Surface indicators of geothermal activity include fumaroles, hot springs, and geysers. Some potential geothermal prospects are found by accident. At Soda Springs, Idaho, hot water was found while drilling a water well to supply a municipal swimming pool. 40 GEOExProOctober2007 © Tom Smith Photo: Halfdan Carstens © EGIPDF Image | Bright Future for Geothermal Energy
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