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ENERGY RESoURCES cities in the world by using geothermal energy as the main source of heat. The potential to directly use geothermal energy does not end in Boise or Reykjavik. Many other cities in the U.S., and around the world, can reap similar benefits. The U.S. Department of Energy has inventoried 1,277 geothermal sites within 5 miles of 373 cities in just 8 western states. Japan is the world’s largest user of direct geo- thermal heat. Any country lying near plate boundaries, like the Philippines, Mexico, Italy, Greece, are all using and expanding the their use of geothermal heat. Geothermal Heat Pumps For areas without higher heat flows, low- temperature ground heat can be utilized with efficient ground-source geothermal heat pumps (GHP). Their use can reduce energy consumption by 30 to 60%. GHP's circulate water or other liquids through pipes buried in a continuous loop. Working similar to a refrigerator (a one-way heat pump), the GHP can extract heat from the ground in the winter for delivery to the building or home and remove heat in the summer. Electric power is required to move the heat but not produce it, delivering 3 to 4 times the energy it consumes. An interesting example of the wide use of GHP technology will be implemented at the 2008 Bejing Olympics.There will be 160 geothermal wells completed in the city by 2008. The construction of a geothermal heating project in Olympic Garden will provide space heating for most of the sta- diums and gymnasiums there. Its Time Has come Could the western United States become the Saudi Arabia of geothermal energy? “The potential is there,” Dr. Moore says. “I am very encouraged of what has happened over the past few years in the progress companies and local governments have made toward the development of this clean and valuable resource.” “It has been very hard for geothermal, or any other viable alternative resource, to compete with conventional coal and gas in generating electricity. Now, local and state governments are seeing the need for clean energy alternatives to help meet growing energy demands, lessen our dependence on foreign oil, and address environmen- tal concerns. Geothermal development is progressing even faster overseas. In many countries, private companies are working closely with national utilities to expand production and develop new conventional hydrothermal and enhanced geothermal system resources.” “We can expect a significant increase in the generation of electricity from geother- mal systems worldwide over the next few years,” Dr. Joseph Moore, research scientist “If only a small fraction of this potential is captured, geothermal energy could help meet the world’s growing needs. at the Energy and Geoscience Institute (EGI) at the University of Utah, concludes. Most experts agree that the geothermal resource base is huge and we have barely scratched the surface in the utilization of this energy source. If only a small fraction of this potential is captured, geothermal ener- gy could help meet the world’s growing needs. How much will depend on econom- ics and developing technologies to exploit this resource. Now, with very rare excep- tions, only high-temperature (>150oC) geo- thermal systems have been harnessed for the production of electrical energy. “Geothermal companies have a large inventory of these higher temperature geo- thermal systems awaiting development, in some cases pending only enactment of appropriate tax incentives. Enhanced sys- tems will bring even more of this potential into the energy equation,” Says Dr. Moore. Geothermal energy is considered by most a renewable resource. Magmatically- heated systems are driven by hot igneous intrusions, some still partially molten, that gradually cool over hundreds of thousands of years. Italy’s Larderello field has been in production since 1904 and not a single geo- thermal field has been exhausted to date. “Carefully managed geothermal systems can be sustained indefinitely to provide baseload power,” says Dr. Moore. 4 GEOExProOctober2007 Generating Electricity The fluid in most geothermal reservoirs is liquid water. As the water is brought to the sur- face from depths of up to 4 km, and the pressure is reduced, the water flashes or explosive- ly boils. The steam is piped to turbines and electricity is produced. The remaining unflashed liquid is reinjected. At some plants, this water may be flashed again at lower pressure, or used to heat another fluid that vaporizes at a lower temperature than water in a binary plant and generate additional electricity. Binary power plants can generate electricity over a broader range of temperatures than “flash plants”. Flash and binary-cycle plants can be combined for efficient use of all the geothermal water produced. Using binary technology, waste water from oil and gas wells in many areas can used to generate electricity. The plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, operates at 74oC, the lowest temperature geo- thermal source currently used for commercial power production in the world. Unlike these liquid-dominated systems, wells in a few high temperature reservoirs like The Geysers, California and Larderello Italy produce only dry steam. Power plants are modular so that as a geothermal system is developed, more generating capacity can be installed as needed. Systems can be small requiring only 1 or 2 wells to operate. Large systems, such as with the Steamboat Hills 100 MW geothermal complex, will supply Reno, Nevada with its entire domestic electricity needs about 70,000 homes. Flash-steam power plant. are passed through a heat exchanger to heat a secondary fluid that vaporizes at a lower temperature than water. In a closed loop, the secondary fluid vapor spins the turbine-generating unit, is condensed back and revaporized.PDF Image | Bright Future for Geothermal Energy
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