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The primary side of the loop consists of a high temperature nuclear reactor, intermediate heat exchanger (IHX), and a circulator. The PCU configuration, illustrated in Figure ES-3, consists of; (1) a primary loop (2) an intermediate heat transport loop (HTL) in parallel with (3) the PCU with a Brayton top cycle consisting of a gas turbine, compressor and coupled to a Rankine bottoming cycle through a steam generator. The Rankine cycle consists of a steam turbine, condenser and a pump. This cycle was simulated using helium as the working fluid in the primary and intermediate heat transport loop. Helium, CO2 and the N2-He mixture were simulated in the PCU while water was used in Rankine cycle. The results indicate that (1) CO2 proved to be the best working fluid in terms of efficiency, with an efficiency of 48.76%. Helium had an efficiency of 47.76% and the nitrogen-helium mixture had an efficiency of 47.24%, (2) The turbomachinery work using CO2 was approximately 8.5% lower than the work when using helium and the mixture. CO2 also produced the smallest total heat exchanger volume which was 10% lower than the volume when using the nitrogen-helium mixture and 11% lower than the volume when using helium, and (3) Parametric studies demonstrated that the working fluids were equally affected by the working conditions within the cycle, except helium was less affected by pressure. The pressure study also highlighted that the combined cycle was not greatly effected by the pressure. Therefore, lower pressures could be used in the system to decrease component sizes with a small decrease in efficiency. The cycle was also the least affected as compared to the three-shaft and reheated cycles. Materials Compatibility: Experimental studies were carried out on the high temperature mechanical properties, including the creep behavior, and the corrosion behavior of MA 754, an oxide dispersion strengthened nickel-base alloy with high creep resistance. Fabrication of this material is accomplished by consolidation of mechanically alloyed powder of yttrium oxide and a nickel/chrome alloy. Material in this work was consolidated via elevated temperature extrusion that resulted in microstructural variation within the extruded bar. Creep studies were carried out to elucidate the minimum creep rate/ applied stress relationship as well as the stress/rupture time relationship in direction parallel and perpendicular to the extrusion direction. Creep properties were significantly diminished in the direction perpendicular to the extrusion direction (referred to as the transverse direction). However, at 1000oC, the creep properties in the transverse direction were still better than other high temperature alloys, such as I-617, I-800H and Nimonic 105. The stress for a given rupture time for the transverse direction of coarse-grained MA 754 was more than a factor 4 greater than the other high temperature alloys. The main deficiency with MA 754 are the very low creep strains at failure, especially in the transverse direction where creep strains at failure did not exceed 5%. Creep failure was essentially brittle in nature – highly undesirable considering the target application is in a high pressure CO2 system. Fine grained MA 754 was also evaluated in an effort to increase the creep strain at failure without a large sacrifice in creep strength. The creep rates for the fine-grained MA 754 were significantly higher than the coarse-grained variety and were on the order of other high temperature alloys. Also, the creep strains at failure were still quite low and the strain resulted from cavitation. It was concluded that fine-grained MA 754 offered no advantage over the coarse-grained variety. In conclusion, this work showed that although MA 754 offers advantages through higher creep strength significant obstacles remain to be solved, e.g. alignment of elongated grains that give MA 754 its creep resistance with the primary loading direction of a component and improvement of defect tolerance/ductility. Two supercritical CO2 corrosion systems were also designed, built and operated to evaluate the corrosion behavior of MA 754 at temperatures up to 1000oC. One system allowed the testing of a large number of samples with different surface preparations as well as three different materials simultaneously without significant cross contamination. The other system used a specimen geometry resembling a pipe with supercritical CO2 flowing through the center and significant gradients in temperature and stress along and through the pipe, respectively, to provide a “real world” evaluation of the material response to operating conditions. viiiPDF Image | Development Of A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle
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