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Subtask 2-4-1. Assumptions Both direct and indirect cycles have been postulated for use in the VHTR. The direct cycle eliminates the need for an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) between the primary and secondary loop and therefore has a higher efficiency. However this poses increased development risk due to no separation between the reactor and cycle components. An indirect cycle has decreased risk and only a small decrease in efficiency while also allowing for the use of CO2 as a working fluid in the secondary side. Furthermore, the Independent Technology Review Group [INEEL, 2004] recommended the use of an indirect cycle for the VHTR. For these reason an indirect cycle was assumed for this study. The intermediate heat transport loop was assumed to be the same for all configurations. The loop was developed by Davis et. al. [2005] and consists of piping to the hydrogen process plant, a heat exchanger between the loop and hydrogen process plant called the process heat exchanger (PHX), and a circulator. The intermediate heat transport loop was assumed to receive 50 MW of thermal power (ANLW 2004). Estimations of the required separation distance between the nuclear and hydrogen process plant vary considerable. For example, Sochet et al. [2004] recommended 500 m for the High-Temperature Reactor while Smith et al. [2005] recommended a separation distance of from 60 to 120 m for the VHTR and the hydrogen production plant. For this analysis, a nominal value of 90 m was used. The working fluid in the loop is assumed to be helium. In this analysis two configurations were used for the placement of the intermediate heat transport loop. The first configuration was used in the baseline cycle models and assumed one IHX between the primary and secondary side. The flow on the cold side of the IHX was divided with most of the flow going towards the PCU and the rest going towards heat exchanger for the intermediate heat transport loop. For convenience the heat exchanger between the VHTR and the intermediate heat transport loop will be referred to as the heat transport loop heat exchanger (HTLHX). The reheat option did not allow for this configuration so a new configuration was develop in which the HTLHX is in parallel with the intermediate heat exchangers in primary loop before and provides heat to the intermediate heat transport loop. The VHTR was assumed to produce 600 MW of thermal power with a 900 °C outlet temperature and use helium coolant on the primary side. The nominal rise in fluid temperature across the core was assumed to be 400 °C, based on the point design (MacDonald et al. 2003). However for the reheat option this value was not used and a smaller temperature rise was calculated and applied to take advantage of the cycle. The nominal reactor pressure was assumed to be 7 MPa [Davis et al, 2005]. The cycle working pressure was assumed to be 7 MPa. The pressure drop across the hot-side of the IHX was assumed to be 0.05 MPa. From the component sizing calculations the cold side pressure drop was then calculated. For the HTLHX the nominal cold side pressure drop was taken to be .139 MPa from the report by Davis et. al. Again using the component sizing calculations the pressure drop on the hot side was calculated. The recuperator was assumed to have a hot side pressure drop of .1 MPa. The precoolers and intercoolers, in the three shaft and reheated cycles, were assumed to have a .05 MPa pressure drop. Subtask 2-4-2. Methods This section describes the methods that were used in determining the efficiency, component sizes and cycle sensitivity to varying working conditions. The different design configurations that were studied are described in Section 2-4-3. The working fluids selection process is explained in the section of working fluids below. The optimization process that was used to determine maximum cycle efficiency is illustrated in Section 2-4-4. Finally the parametric studies were performed on the various PCU configurations and are described in Section 2-4-5. 43PDF Image | Development Of A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle
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