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A parametric investigation was made with supercritical CO2 cycle using a 250 MW three- shaft reference design. Three different CO2 secondary system pressures of 6.3 MPa, 13 MPa, and 20 MPa, give cycle efficiency of 48%, 49.3%, and 50.3%, respectively, which are not significantly different from each other. Working fluids of helium for both direct and indirect cycle, nitrogen for indirect cycle, and CO2 for indirect cycle were investigated. The difference between the helium direct cycle and the indirect cycle was 50.9% vs. 48.7% respectively. Nitrogen gave a cycle efficiency of 45.5% while CO2 gave a cycle efficiency of 50.7%. Total area ratio (total heat transfer area of working fluid / total heat transfer area of helium indirect cycle) gives, 0.65 for helium direct cycle, unity for helium indirect cycle, 1.32 for nitrogen indirect cycle, and 1.18 for CO2 indirect cycle at 20 MPa. Conclusions from the investigation are (1) among the three working fluids studied, CO2 has the highest cycle efficiency due to less compression. CO2 cycle also results in the smallest turbomachinary, and (2) helium direct cycle eliminates the IHX and consequently requires the smallest heat transfer area due to the higher heat capacity and thermal conductivity than those of the other fluids considered. Theoretically a combination of reheat and intercooling increases the cycle efficiency in a closed loop. Preliminary multiple reheat with a number of intercooling were investigated using a molten salt (Flibe) in the primary side and helium in the power conversion loop. This configuration yields a 56% cycle efficiency. Further investigation using Flibe-CO2 is being considered. Material Compatibility: Research on the creep behavior and corrosion resistance in supercritical CO2 of MA 754 continued during FY04. The creep behavior of both coarse- grained as well as fine-grained MA 754 was documented. Creep microstructures were documented and fracture analysis was carried out on failed creep samples. A manuscript documenting the results was prepared and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. The results showed that MA 754 did, indeed, exhibit superior creep resistance at temperatures approaching 1000oC. The material did, however, exhibit lower creep rates in direction perpendicular to the extrusion direction, i.e. creep rate is a function of direction in the material, and exhibited low creep ductility, <1%, at elevated temperatures. Fine-grained MA 754 exhibited lower creep resistance but higher creep ductility. Final modifications were made to a supercritical CO2 loop and the corrosion behavior of MA 754 in flowing supercritical CO2 at 1000oC and 1500 psi was documented. Experiments were carried out at exposure times ranging from 47 to 335 hours. The time-averaged corrosion rate was found to decrease as the exposure time increased. The corrosion rate at the 335-hour exposure test equated to less than 1 mm/year. Microscopic examination indicated that a corrosion layer formed and grew slowly. The corrosion layer also acted to protect the base material from further corrosion. Overall, it was concluded that MA 754 possessed high creep resistance at 1000oC, better than other high temperature metallic alloys, and acceptable corrosion resistance to supercritical CO2. It would appear that MA 754 is acceptable for application in components of as supercritical Brayton cycle. viiiPDF Image | Development of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle: Improving PBR Efficiency and Testing Material Compatibility
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