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The indirect CO2 cycle was also simulated at 8 MPa for comparison. The mass flow rate was unchanged and the optimal pressure ratio was ~6.8. This gave a cycle efficiency of 46.4%. This is closer to the other working fluid efficiencies. The other working fluids are insensitive to system pressure while an efficiency gain can be accomplished by increasing the pressure for CO2. Assuming similar pressure drops in the heat exchangers and the same turbomachinary efficiencies, helium, nitrogen, and CO2 at 8MPa all have approximately the same cycle efficiency. However, the CO2 at 20 MPa has a ~4% higher efficiency than the other cycles due to the decreased compression work for the cycle as seen in Table 2.1-2. Helium and nitrogen are insensitive to maximum system pressure while an efficiency gain can be accomplished by increasing the pressure for CO2. The reduced compression work due to compression around the critical point of CO2 makes it an attractive option for a secondary working fluid. However, CO2 is not inert compared with other fluids such as helium and nitrogen and more advanced materials are required to address potential corrosion issues. The tradeoff of increased capital cost and increased cycle efficiency would need to be studied further if a more in-depth economic analysis were to be carried out. Table 4 compares the cycle efficiency, the work duty of the turbine and compressor, and the total heat transfer area ratio for different working fluids in the power conversion unit. Pressure drops through the IHX and recuperator were calculated for various working fluids using a shell-tube type heat exchanger. Relative total area ratio can be varied depending on the final selection of heat exchanger. Overall heat transfer coefficients, U, were calculated and the ideal heat transfer area (assuming perfect counterflow) of the helium indirect cycle was used as a basis for comparing area ratios for each working fluid. As shown in Table 4, Nitrogen as a working fluid in the PCS needs the largest heat exchanger size compared with those of other fluids studied. The Framatome indirect cycle design therefore uses a helium-nitrogen mixture to increase the gas thermal conductivity and reduce the heat exchanger size. UA was calculated using the following equation: Ui 1 (7) 1 Di xw Di hi DL km Doho where Ui is an universal heat transfer coefficient based on an inner diameter, h is the heat transfer coefficient, x is thickness, k is thermal conductivity, i, o, L are inside, outside, and log-mean, respectively. DL is defined as: DL Do Di (8) Do ln D i 14PDF Image | Development of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle: Improving PBR Efficiency and Testing Material Compatibility
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