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Energy and exergy analysis of an efficient organic Rankine cycle for low temperature power generation Sami are determined using the well known NIST REPROP.8 program, Mc Linden [10]. In addition to these properties the conservation is solved for each control volume to obtain the thermal behaviour for each component. Each component was represented by a finite control volume. THEORTICAL CONSIDERATIONS There are four processes in the Organic Rankine Cycle similar to the steam cycle, each changing the state of the working fluid. These states are identified by number in the diagram (c.f. Figure 3). First: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure by a pump. Pumping requires a power input, (for example mechanical or electrical). Second: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at a constant pressure by an external heat source to become a superheated vapour. Common heat sources for power plant systems are coal, natural gas, or nuclear power. Third: The superheated vapour expands through a turbine to generate power output. Ideally, this expansion is isentropic. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapour. Fourth: The vapour then enters a condenser where it is cooled to become a saturated liquid. This liquid then re-enters the pump and the cycle repeats. SYSTEM EQUATIONS Energy analysis. Each of the first four equations is easily derived from the energy and mass balance for a control volume. The fifth equation defines the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle Superheat cycle: Define turbine start with temp. and pressure Normal cycle: Turbine starts with sat vap as the ratio of net power output to heat input. . Qin ––– = h – h (1) . Qout . m 32 –––– = h – h (2) .41 m Wturbine . ––––––– = h – h = (h – h ) × η (3) . m turb v1 (p2 – p1) –––––––––– (4) ––––––– (5) . Qin (6) In a real Organic Rankine Cycle, the com- pression by the pump and the expansion in the turbine are not isentropic. In other words, these processes are non-reversible and entropy is increased during the two processes. This increases the power required by the pump and decreases the power generated by the turbine. It also makes calculations more involved and difficult. Two main variations of the basic Organic Rankine Cycle are used in modern practice and are implemented in our proposed; reheat and regenerative cycles. In this cycle, two turbines work in series. The first accepts vapour from the boiler at high pressure. After the vapour has passed through the first turbine, it re-enters the boiler and is reheated before passing through a second lower pressure turbine. Among other benefits this prevents the vapour from condensing during its expansion. Condensation at this stage can seriously damage the turbine blades. In the regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle the working fluid is heated by steam tapped from the hot portion of the cycle. This increases the average temperature of heat addition, which in turn increases the cycle efficiency. Both the reheat and regenerative options will be implemented in our proposed system. Exergy and energy efficiency. The use of exergy in assessing the power cycles such as ORC is highly beneficial. The efficiency of the ORC based upon exergy, as the ratio of total exergy output to to exergy input: ηex = Exout / Exinput = (Wnet + Exheat) / Exinput (7) and can be equal: . Wpump v1 Δp ––––– –––––– .21 η = ––––––––––––––– . m therm = h – h ... 3 4 3 4s ηpump Wturbine – Wpump Qin ηpump Wturbine NHR = Qin / Wturbine T (oC) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 s(kJ/kg K) Figure 3 Typical Rankine Cycle; T-S diagram for steam. 004PDF Image | Energy and exergy analysis of an efficient organic Rankine cycle for low temperature power generation
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