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human activity over the past 20 years. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land use, particularly deforestation. The main source of CO2 emissions is fossil fuel-based electricity generation units, which account for about 32% of the total CO2 emissions. The next largest source of CO2 emissions are caused by heating and cooling, which account for about 33% of total CO2 emissions, followed by emissions from cars and trucks, which account for 23% of total global CO2 emissions, and other major transportation, which accounts for 12% [3]. Hence, about 65% of the total CO2 emissions are attributable to electricity generation and heating and cooling, both of which are directly associated with energy needs of human beings. Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), represents a relatively simple, integrated multigeneration energy system involving the use of waste or other heat from electricity generation to produce heating. The overall energy efficiency of a cogeneration system, defined as the part of the fuel converted to both electricity and useful thermal energy, is typically 40–50% [4]. Recently, researchers have extended CHP to trigeneration, a system for the simultaneous production of heating, cooling and electricity from a common energy source. Trigeneration often utilizes the waste heat of a power plant to improve overall thermal performance [5], and is suitable for some energy markets. The benefits of integrating energy systems became prominent with the application of cogeneration for heat and electricity production. In this simple energy system, waste or other heat is used to produce either cooling or heating. In general, cogeneration is the production of heat and electricity in one process using a single energy source, which often yields considerable reductions in input energy compared to separate processes. Cogeneration is often associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, but can also be carried out using certain renewable energy sources, nuclear energy, and waste thermal energy (obtained directly or by burning waste materials). The recent trend has been to use cleaner fuels for cogeneration, such as natural gas. The strong long-term prospects for cogeneration in global energy markets are related to its ability to provide significant operational, environmental and financial benefits. The product thermal energy from cogeneration can be used for domestic hot water heating, space heating, pool heating, laundry heating processes and absorption cooling. The more the product heat from cogeneration can be used in existing systems, the more financially attractive the system is. Cogeneration helps overcome a drawback of many conventional electrical and thermal systems: significant heat losses, which detract greatly from efficiency [5]. Heat losses are reduced and 20PDF Image | Energy Systems for Multigeneration Purposes
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