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near term [78]. Other thermochemical conversion technologies such as gasification and pyrolysis are technically feasible and potentially efficient, compared to combustion, for power generation. However, these technologies either lack of maturity and reliability or are not economically viable for large scale utilization [79]. Biomass based cogeneration systems are studied over many years by numerous researchers for various industries (e.g., sugar, rice, palm oil, paper and wood) as a means of waste disposal and energy recovery [80]. Fig. 4.2 illustrates an integrated multigeneration system containing a biomass combustor, an ORC cycle to produce electricity, a double-effect absorption chiller for cooling, a heat exchanger for heating, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, a domestic water heater to produce hot water and a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination to produce fresh water. Pine sawdust is used as the biomass fuel and burned in a biomass combustor. The heat from the biomass combustor is input to the ORC cycle. The waste heat from the ORC is utilized to produce steam in the heating process via the heat exchanger, and to produce cooling using a double-effect absorption chiller. To have an efficient ORC, its working fluid should have a high critical temperature so that the waste heat can be used more efficiently [75]. A typical organic fluid used in ORCs is n-octane, which has a relatively high critical temperature (569 K) [76]. This organic fluid is selected here as the working fluid of the ORC. The ORC cycle produces electricity, part of which is used for residential applications depending on electricity needs of the building, and the remainder of which drives a PEM electrolyzer for hydrogen production and RO desalination to produce fresh water. The hydrogen and fresh water are stored in a hydrogen tank and fresh water tank respectively. Since the flue gases leaving the ORC evaporator still have energy, they are utilized to produce hot water in a domestic water heater. As shown in Fig. 4.2 biomass enters the combustor at point 30 and air enters at point 29. Hot flue gases leave the biomass combustor at point 31 and then enter a cyclone to remove the ash. Hot flue gases without ash enter an ORC evaporator to produce steam at point 27 to rotate the ORC turbine blades and produce shaft work. The high-pressure and temperature vapor at point 27 is expanded through the turbine to generate power, and the extracted vapor from the turbine enters the heat exchanger for the heating process. Saturated vapor leaves the heating process unit at point 24. This saturated steam enters the generator of the double-effect absorption system to provide the cooling load of the system. Saturated liquid leaves the absorption generator and enters the ORC pump at point 25. ORC pump increase the pressure of ORC working fluid 52PDF Image | Energy Systems for Multigeneration Purposes
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