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cycle engine which boils a working fluid such as ammonia to generate a vapor which turns the turbine to generate electricity, and then is condensed back into a liquid in a continuous process. 80 % of the energy that is received from the sun by the earth is stored in the world’s oceans [81, 82], and many regions of the world have access to this OTEC resource. OTEC can produce fuels by using its product electricity to produce hydrogen, which can be used in hydrogen fueled cars as well as in the development of synthetic fuels. For a small city, millions of tons of CO2 are generated annually through fossil fuel use while with OTEC the value is zero, during the operation of devices. OTEC has a potential to replace some fossil fuel use, perhaps via OTEC ships travelling the seas of the world. An OTEC system utilizes low-grade energy and has a low energy efficiency (approximately 3–5 %). Therefore, achieving a high electricity generating capacity with OTEC requires the use of large quantities of seawater, and a correspondingly, large amounts of pumping power. These factors have negative impact on the cost-effectiveness of this technology and therefore OTEC is not commercially viable today. In order to improve the effectiveness and economics of OTEC cycles, it is proposed to integrate them with industrial operations so that, apart from generating electricity, they could be used for fresh water production, air conditioning and refrigeration, cold water agriculture, aquaculture and mariculture, and hydrogen production [81]. Potential markets for OTEC have been identified, most of which are in the Pacific Ocean, and about 50 countries are examining its implementation as a sustainable source of energy and fresh water, including India, Korea, Palau, Philippines, the U.S. and Papua New Guinea [83]. In 2001, as a result of cooperation between Japan and India, a 1-MW OTEC plant was built in India [83], and others are planned to be constructed in the near future [84]. Considerable research has been directed to the development of OTEC recently. Uehara [85-87] conducted numerous theoretical and experimental studies on the major components of an OTEC plant, and showed that ammonia is a suitable working fluid for an OTEC plant employing a closed organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The energy efficiency of the Rankine cycle in an OTEC plant is usually limited to around 5% due to the small temperature differences between surface water and deep water of the ocean. Thus, in order to improve the efficiency of OTEC, other thermodynamic cycles such as the Kalina cycle and the Uehara cycle that use an ammonia–water mixture as the working fluid are being considered [88]; they are reported to have better energy efficiencies than a Rankine cycle at the same temperature difference [88]. Increasing in the 55PDF Image | Energy Systems for Multigeneration Purposes
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