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5.1.2 Energy balance equation The energy balance of a control volume deals with all the input and output energy components of a selected control volume. The first law of thermodynamics which is known as the conservation of energy principle, is defined as ̇̇ where E, ̇ , ̇ and t are the energy, heat transfer rate, work rate and time, respectively. The other symbols, h, V, g and Z, stand for specific enthalpy, velocity, standard acceleration of gravity, and elevation respectively. 5.1.3 Entropy balance equation Entropy generation is associated with the losses in the system. The entropy generated within a process is called entropy generation and it is denoted by Sgen. The entropy generation rate for a control volume is defined as [89]: ∑ ̇( ) ∑ ̇( ) (5.2) ∑̇ ∑̇ ∑̇ (5.3) 5.1.4 Exergy analysis ̇ where ̇ is entropy generation rate and s is specific entropy. Exergy analysis can help develop strategies and guidelines for more efficient and effective use of energy, and is utilized to study various thermal processes, especially power generation, CHP, trigeneration and multigeneration. The exergy of a substance is often divided into four components. Two common ones are physical and chemical exergy. The two others, kinetic and potential exergy, are assumed to be negligible here, as elevation changes are small and speeds are relatively low [29, 47, 76]. Physical exergy is defined as the maximum useful work obtainable as a system interacts with an equilibrium state. Chemical exergy is associated with the departure of the chemical composition of a system from its chemical equilibrium and is considered important in processes involving combustion and other chemical changes [90]. Through the second law of thermodynamics, the following exergy rate balance is written as ̇ ∑̇ ∑̇ ̇ ̇ (5.4) 59PDF Image | Energy Systems for Multigeneration Purposes
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