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The PEM electrolyzer for H2 production is illustrated on the right side of Fig. 4.1. During electrolysis, electricity and heat are both supplied to the electrolyzer to drive the electrochemical reactions. As shown in Fig. 4.1, liquid water is fed to the PEM electrolyzer at ambient temperature, and enters a heat exchanger that heats it to the PEM electrolyzer temperature before it enters the electrolyzer. Leaving the cathode, the H2 produced dissipates heat to the environment and cools to the reference environment temperature. The oxygen gas produced at the anode is separated from the water and oxygen mixture and then cooled to the reference environment temperature. The remaining water is returned to the water supply stream for the next hydrogen production cycle. The overall PEM electrolysis reaction is simply water splitting, i.e., electricity and heat are used to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is stored in a tank for later usage. Thermochemical modeling is carried out for the PEM electrolyzer, along with energy and exergy analyses. The total energy needed by the electrolyzer can obtained as (5.65) where is Gibb’s free energy and represents the thermal energy requirement. The values of , , and H for hydrogen, oxygen and water can be obtained from thermodynamic tables. The total energy need is the theoretical energy required for electrolysis without any losses. The catalyst used in PEM electrolysis provides an alternative path for the reaction with lower activation energy. The mass flow rate of hydrogen is determined by [99]: ̇̇ (5.66) Here, J is the current density and F is the Faraday constant. The PEM electrolyzer voltage can be expressed as (5.67) where is the reversible potential, which is related to the difference in free energy between reactants and products and can be obtained with the Nernst equation as follows: ( ) (5.68) Here, , and overpotential of the cathode, and the ohmic overpotential of the electrolyte, respectively. Ohmic overpotential in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) is caused by the resistance of the membrane to the hydrogen ions transported through it. The ionic resistance of the membrane are the activation overpotential of the anode, the activation 78PDF Image | Energy Systems for Multigeneration Purposes
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