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5.5.3.4 Cost of environmental impact The desire of preserving the environment while converting energy resources into different forms can be assessed quantitatively using an environmental index of performance. The outputs of the energy conversion process are not only the desired products like electricity, heating and cooling, but also pollutant emissions (e.g., NOx and CO), CO2 emissions, thermal pollution (e.g., warming of local water bodies), solid wastes, etc. Reduction or minimization of these undesired effects may be an objective from an energetic perspective. A single pollutant can be considered in such an environmental impact assessment objective according to its degree of harmfulness. If more than one pollution source is taken into account, their degrees of harmfulness can be introduced as relative weights of each pollutant measure. The weighting may also be considered from economic point of view when the unit damage cost of each pollutant is available. These criteria can also be combined to form a hybrid criterion which includes information from each. 5.5.4 Environmental impact assessment 5.5.4.1 Normalized CO2 emissions To assess CO2 emissions for the system, three cases are considered and the CO2 emissions are calculated for each case. In the first case, the power cycle is used to produce electricity. In the second, electricity and heating systems are considered simultaneously and, in the last case, the entire system for multiple products is considered. The amount of CO2 produced in each case can be expressed as ̇ ̇ ̇ ̇̇ ̇ ̇∑̇∑̇̇̇̇ 5.5.4.2 Sustainability analysis (5.128) (5.129) (5.130) To improve environmental sustainability, it is necessary not only to use sustainable energy sources, but also to utilize non-renewable sources like natural gas fuel more efficiently, and to 92PDF Image | Energy Systems for Multigeneration Purposes
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