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GEOTHERMAL DIRECT USE IN THE U.S. ... tremendous and untapped potential. Overview • Direct utilization of geothermal energy includes the heating of pools and spas, greenhouses and aquaculture facilities, space and district heating, snow melting, agricultural drying, industrial applications and ground-source heat pumps.1 U.S. Direct Use • TotalthermalinstalledcapacityinMWt: • DirectuseinTJ/year • DirectuseinGWh/year • Capacityfactor 7,817.4 31,239.0 8,678.2 0.13 While traditional direct use accounts for 617 MWt/ 9,024 TJ/ year, the remainder, around 7,200 MWt (22,214 TJ/ year) comes from geothermal heat pumps. Direct Use has seen a continuing increase over the years, but by far the largest annual growth has been in geothermal heat pumps. Growth Rates (2000-2005): • Spaceheating 9.3% • Agriculturaldrying 10.4% • Overalldirectuseaveragegrowth 2.6% • Heat Pumps 11.0% • Combinedoverallannualgrowthrate(2000-2005) 8.0% Individual Direct Use • Heat Pumps: installed units for heat pumps are estimated at 600,000 12-kWt units, most of which are located in the mid-west, mid-Atlantic and southern states (from North Dakota to Florida). • Traditionaldirect-usecategories(installedcapacity/annualuse): - individual space heating (146 MWt/ 1,335 TJ/yr), district heating (84 MWt and 788 TJ/yr), cooling (<1 MWt/ 15 TJ/yr), - greenhouse heating (97 MWt/ 766 TJ/yr), fish farming (138 MWt/ 3012 TJ/yr), agricultural drying (36 MWt/ 500 TJ/yr), - industrial process heat (2 MWt/ 48 TJ/yr), snow melting (2 MWt/ 18 TJ/yr), bathing & swimming (112 MWt/ 2,543 TJ/yr) • Traditionaldirectusecombinedcapacityfactorof0.46. • Some factors influencing the direct use market for geothermal applications and its slowed growth have been: - competition from cheap natural gas, import of roses from South America and dried garlic from China • ExamplesofdirectuseapplicationsintheU.S.: - Small district heating system in northern California, a greenhouse operation to raise tree seedlings added to the district heating system in Klamath Falls, Oregon. • Growth in space heating and greenhouse projects is expected, along with increased countrywide interest in geothermal heat pumps. Source: (1) John W. Lund, Derek H. Freeston, and Tonya L. Boyd: "World-Wide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2005", published in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005. September 2007 – Glitnir Geothermal Research 17PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY MARKET REPORT
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