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AFREPREN/FWD 3.0 Stages of Geothermal Energy Development Geothermal development typically consists of several key steps. The prospective geothermal fields undergo systematic investigation and evaluation processes from their initial exploration and development until steam production mechanisms have been implemented. These studies and evaluation processes are fairly similar worldwide with corresponding modifications and innovations to suit the particular geothermal area of interest in each country. From the perspective of the resource, a geothermal project can be divided into the following phases (Mariita, 2006): Project definition and reconnaissance evaluation Detailed exploration Exploratory drilling and delineation Resource analysis and assessment of development potential Field development Steam production and resource management Upon confirmation of a resource for development, a complete feasibility study undertaken on the project would also consider the corresponding geothermal power plant to be set up for converting the energy from steam to power. The power plant will undergo the following phases, in parallel with geothermal field development: bid tendering, design, manufacturing and delivery, construction, commissioning and operation. For more details on key stages of geothermal power development, see Appendix A. 4.0 Geothermal in Kenya – what has been the experience? As mentioned earlier, Kenya was the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to exploit geothermal based power on a significant scale. Exploration for geothermal energy in Kenya started in the 1960’s with surface exploration that culminated in two geothermal wells being drilled at Olkaria. In the early 1970’s, more geological and geophysical work was carried out between Lake Bogoria and Olkaria. This survey identified several areas suitable for geothermal prospecting, and by 1973 drilling of deep exploratory wells commenced, with funds from UNDP. Additional wells were thereafter drilled to provide enough steam for the generation of electricity, and in June 1981 the first 15 MWe generating unit “Olkaria” was commissioned. This was the first geothermal power plant in Africa. The second 15 MWe unit was commissioned in November 1982 and the third unit in March 1985, raising the total to 45 MWe. Olkaria 1 is owned and operated by KenGen, a state-owned power generation utility. Since 1997, private companies have shown interest in the generation of electricity using geothermal resources. Currently Orpower4 Inc. is generating 12 MWe with plans to generate a total of 64 MWe in the next few years in the Olkaria West field (Mbuthi, 2005). Kenya has so far exploited 127 MW of its total potential and plans are underway to increase geothermal generation capacity by 504MW by 2019 (KPLC, 2002). Both the private and public sectors are involved in the development of geothermal energy in Kenya (BCSE, 2003). So far, 103 geothermal wells have been drilled in Kenya for exploration, production, monitoring and re-injection, with depths varying between 180 and 2,600m. Of these, 97 wells are in the Olkaria area and the rest in the Eburru Field (Mbuthi, 2005). A feasibility study carried out to evaluate Olkaria’s potential for generating electricity found that the geothermal field covered 80km2 and steam for at least 25,000 MW years. The present area covering 11km2 has steam for an estimated 400 MW years and possibly more if re-injection proves to be effective. www.e-parl.net www.afrepren.org P a g e | 4PDF Image | Geothermal Power Generation in Kenya
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