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AFREPREN/FWD APPENDIX A: KEY STAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT a. Project Definition and Reconnaissance Evaluation Phase This phase involves collecting information from previous geological, geo-chemical and geophysical studies made in the area with a particular emphasis on mapping of young volcanic activity, thermal manifestations such hot springs, steam jets, groundwater boreholes and even known traditional utilisation of geothermal resources. The existing scientific information is re-interpreted to determine the more detailed investigations that need to be conducted. This review may reveal what methods of interpretation previously employed need refinements and may show the existence of a more attractive resource than previously envisaged. b. Detailed Exploration Phase The detailed surface exploration program usually includes the geology, geophysics, geochemistry, heat flow measurements, hydrogeology and baseline environmental studies that have not yet been done or need to be redone. In areas that have not been mapped in detail, the required work would include lithological mapping, petrogenesis, volcanology, structural geology, hydrogeology, geo-hazard and environmental geology. Among the geophysical surveys used are gravity surveys to determine the density pattern of the geothermal structure and MagnetoTellurics (MT) surveys to show resistivity anomalies. After completion of this phase, the geothermal prospect is evaluated as to its priority for drilling compared with other areas that have been similarly evaluated. During this phase, detailed mapping of geothermal manifestations and detailed study of geological controls on the distribution of the geothermal resources are very important in developing the conceptual model of the geothermal system. Target structures for drilling are identified after consolidation of the interpreted results of the detailed geological, geo-chemical and geophysical investigations. c. Exploratory Drilling and Delineation Phase Two or three exploratory wells, 2500 to 3000 metres deep, are prioritised based on the conceptual model of the reservoir. Location of drill pads will depend on environmental considerations in the area. The first well is perhaps the most critical as it is meant to maximise down-hole information. The target structure must have permeability and high temperature in order for a geothermal resource to be present. If the first well does not produce steam, down-hole data is evaluated in conjunction with the initial detailed geological, geochemical and geophysical studies before deciding on the next target drill site. If the first exploration well is a success, a step-out well is drilled. The succeeding step-out (appraisal) wells should not be too distant from the first well and should normally target fractures and other geological structures. Well logging and discharge tests follow after the completion of drilling. Results of the well surveys and tests may confirm the resource and together with the earlier investigation results, a more defined conceptual model can be developed. d. Resource Analysis and Assessment of Development Potential After successful discharge of steam from the initial wells, a comprehensive resource assessment is prepared. This is now the feasibility phase of the project. The exploitable size of the resource is established based on the conceptual model of the heat source, geological structure, fluids present and reservoir characteristics. A development strategy has to be formulated together with the conceptual www.e-parl.net www.afrepren.org P a g e | 12PDF Image | Geothermal Power Generation in Kenya
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