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Hydrothermal Low-Temperature & Coproduced Resources With a potential resource capacity of 30 GWe nation- wide, conventional hydro- thermal resources rely on permeable rock and abun- dant fluid to access the earth’s heat naturally. Low- temperature and copro- duced resources make up a small but growing sector of hydrothermaldevelopmentin geothermal resources below 150°C (300°F). Considered non-conventional resources, these technologies are bring- ing valuable returns on investment in the near-term, using unique power pro- ductionmethods.Low-temp- erature resources—once reserved for direct-use applications such as heat- ing, greenhouses, fisheries, and mineral recovery—can now be used for power generation under the right conditions and have the potential to draw geo- thermal resources from across the nation, not just the western states. Electratherm CEO John Fox (left) cut the ribbon on the company’s “Green Machine” installation in April with Timothy Reinhardt, GTO physical scientist, and Joel Murphy, general manager of the Florida Canyon Mine for Jipangu International. Photo courtesy of Electratherm Geothermal Brine Brings Low-Cost Power with Big Potential Batteries from Brine Consumer uses of lithium batteries have soared over the last decade, powering everything from electric cars to tablets to cell phones. In fact, minerals like lithium, manganese, and zinc supply the raw materials for cathodes, glass, ceramics, lubricants, and many other products. Many minerals also have critical value for advanced manufacturing technologies. As demand grows in this burgeoning market, domestic supply is a growing concern. Global demand for lithium carbonate is expected to exceed 250,000 tons by 2017—a 60% increase over current usage, according to the thinkgeoenergy.com website. Through Recovery Act funding, GTO partnered with California’s Simbol Materials to develop technologies that extract these strategic materials from geothermal brines at a mining operation —a first-of-its-kind achievement. Simbol estimates that the mineral-rich Salton Sea region of southern California could supply enough lithium to produce up to half a million vehicle batteries per year. DOE support enabled the company to build the first demonstration facility there and mine lithium, manganese, and zinc from geothermal brines. As Simbol’s Salton Sea plant creates an additional revenue stream from geothermal power production in the near-term, this model is ramping up for commercial-scale mineral recovery by spring 2014 and will be replicable for mineral extraction at other sites going forward. A targeted GTO initiative focuses on strategic mineral extraction as a path to optimize the value stream of low-to- moderate-temperature resources, which reduces both costs and emissions. New Working Fluids Cut a Wider Swath of Geothermal Reserves GEOThERmAl TEChNOlOGIES OffICE 6 7 2013 ANNuAl REpORT A ribbon cutting in April at the Florida Canyon Mine in Nevada marked the beginning of another promising clean energy commercial enterprise. Thanks to a $1 million GTO investment, heat from geothermal fluids—a byproduct of gold mining—is generating electricity this year at 2¢ per kilowatt hour (kWh), with ElectraTherm’s new plug-and-play technology. Building on this first-of-its- kind success, this geothermal electricity is the first in the nation to be generated from cost-free geothermal brine at a mine operation, without adding any additional emissions to the power system installation. The technology has the potential for extremely broad application in many parts of the country, including oil and gas (O&G) operations. Electratherm leveraged the initial DOE investment to commercialize this small-scale, mobile unit—called the Green Machine—with remote monitoring capabilities. In addition, resource potential is estimated at more than 3 GW of power from over 800,000 existing O&G wells nationwide. Product demand has tripled in five years, according to Electratherm, and annual increases are forecasted at 50% for the foreseeable future. It is estimated that roughly 15–30 billion barrels of hot water are produced annually from these O&G wells. While coproduced hot water has historically been viewed as an inconvenience and a disposal issue for operators, today’s low-temperature power conversion units can recycle the fluid to generate power. GTO is accelerating real-world deployment by validating the economic value to industry, improving efficiencies, and demonstrating the cost-competitiveness of these units. Ongoing R&D efforts will continue to drive efficiencies and add value, making energy from brine an economically attractive equation. Scientists at the Energy Department’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have made a commercially viable discovery: how to capture substantially more heat from low-temperature resources. In a market where binary working fluids are costly and traditionally inefficient, this advance harnesses a much larger sector of near-term geothermal potential through inventive, low-cost solutions. Payback on this novel technology is now estimated in certain operational conditions at under 36 days, and DOE expects a commercialization plan by fourth quarter 2014. PNNL developed the innovative liquid— called biphasic fluid—with the capability for rapid expansion and contraction and added tiny nanostructured metal- organic heat carriers (MOHCs) to boost power generation capacity near to that of a conventional steam cycle. The team found that the new working fluid has significantly exceeded performance requirements at lab-scale, with a 15% increase in power generation and capital cost reductions at existing plants. Put all these pieces together, and this innovation creates a new energy producing cycle that allows developers to exploit low-temperature geothermal sources for more economical power production. To engineer this innovation, PNNL’s expertise in nanotechnology and molecular engineering adapted advancements already underway at the lab. Nanofluids offer unique potential to improve efficiency of working fluids without major modifications to equipment or operating conditions; they increase thermal conductivity, improve heat transfer, and interact at the molecular level by increasing effective latent heat. Molecular stimulation of low-temperature resources from this project reduces capital costs, increases efficiency of the cycle, and expands the range of geothermal resources suitable for economic power production and waste heat recovery.PDF Image | Geothermal Technologies Office Annual Report
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