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Enhanced Geothermal Systems EGS Research & Development Reliable Drilling Equipment GTO provided Recovery Act funding to Baker Hughes to develop a reliable drilling and steering system capable of performing in rock formations at temperatures up to 300°C. A system that is capable of directionally drilling wells at such high temperatures could have a large impact on the energy output of wells by increasing the accessibility of fractures in both hydrothermal and EGS settings. Baker is designing and integrating several components into this system including drill bits, motors, rotors, and stators. Laboratory and field testing is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2013. As follow-on work to the Directional Drilling System project, Baker Hughes is also completing the proof of concept and engineering design on a high- temperature Measurement While Drilling (MWD) system. The final system would comprise a downhole navigation package capable of measuring well inclination and azimuth, a transmitter, a power system, and electronics capable of operation at temperatures up to 300°C. 2013 work has been focused on designing a cooling system that will be necessary to keep the electronics from overheating, as well as batteries for the power system and the navigational package. Should this project prove successful, it will enable informed drilling of directional wells by allowing geothermal drillers to continuously monitor and change the direction of the drill bit and string in real-time. Accessing Seismic Data to Characterize the Reservoir In 2013, A-Tech Corporation com- pleted Phase I Proof of Concept activities related to the development of an innovative, rotation-enabled, seven- degree-of-freedom (7-DOF) seismic measurement tool for high-temperature geothermal applications. The tool will include an accelerometer, rotational sensor, and a pressure sensor. Utilization of this tool will allow for simultaneous measurements of p-wave and s-wave velocities, along with seismic wave directions. Measurement of these parameters with a single tool, rather than an array of sensors, will ultimately lower the cost and simplify the processing of seismic data for the purposes of characterizing a geothermal reservoir. This project was awarded in 2011. Advances in High-Temperature Fiber Optics With 2011 funding from GTO, Paulsson, Inc. is designing, building, and testing a fiber-optic, downhole seismic array that can outperform traditional geophones and withstand the high temperatures found in geothermal wells. The Paulsson team is working to develop a 15,000 foot, 200-level, 3-component prototype array for field deployment. A great deal of progress was made on this project in 2013; early in the fiscal year, Phase I Proof of Concept activities were completed as components of the array were built and tested in the laboratory and the field. Later in the fiscal year, the project successfully passed a required Stage Gate review, which allowed them to proceed with Phase II Prototyping activities. Using Phase I results, Paulsson, Inc. is now designing and building their prototype tool with further enhancements in bandwidth, sensitivity, and data processing time, surpassing the functionality of the components developed and tested in Phase I. Adapting Oil and Gas Technologies Hi-Q is adapting vertical seismic profiles (VSP), often used in oil and gas to identify fracture networks from the surface—a first-ever accomplishment in the geothermal sector. In 2008, GTO funded Hi-Q Geophysical to image fluid- filled fractures in EGS reservoirs using innovative VSP methods. Unique geologic conditions often encountered during EGS development—volcanic cover, highly altered rocks, and complex formations —often lack distinct velocity contrasts, making the data difficult to interpret and fractures virtually impossible to identify. In the early and mid-phases of the project, Hi-Q developed methods to identify appropriate seismic parameters to counteract the challenges associated with complex geology often coincident with areas of high geothermal potential. Hi-Q is now poised to enter the final phase of the project, field testing the first 4D seismic survey, including extensive VSP and surface multi-component reflection surveys, at the Bradys EGS demonstration project in Nevada. Analysis of the data will improve resolution of fluid-filled fractures within the geologic structures controlling reservoir properties at the site. Flow test at the Faulkner plant in Nevada (top left); water vapor; DOE field testing. Andy Sabin, director of the Navy Geothermal Program Office, points towards Sugarloaf during a field trip to the Coso geothermal field, as JASON study members take in the landscape. Sugarloaf, an 86,000-year- old rhyolite dome, is among a group of the youngest dated volcanoes in the field. JASON EGS Report The development of novel technologies is needed to accelerate the commercialization of EGS. To gain an outside perspective on opportunities to leverage the best advancements from other subsurface disciplines to EGS, GTO contracted the JASON group in 2013 to undertake a study on the characterization and creation of EGS. The JASON group is comprised of leading academic scientists who provide independent technical analysis to the U.S. government on topics ranging from national security, to the human genome, to energy systems. The group was created in the 1960s initially to help address key technical challenges for the intelligence and defense communities. Recently they have also contributed studies on energy systems, including support of the DOE Office of Science. The JASON EGS study was the first to be commissioned by EERE. The report reviews geothermal resource estimates and constraints, highlights technologies and techniques that could be well suited for adoption in EGS characterization, presents extensive analyses and scaling arguments for heat transfer in engineered reservoirs, and addresses key environmental and lifecycle challenges and opportunities. Potential game-changing technologies are recommended that could promote scale-up of EGS. For example, the study proposes furthering advanced drilling and in particular microdrilling to enable more efficient and comprehensive reservoir characterization as well as monitoring small-scale field testing to constrain key physics and possibly future production schemes. Developing and validating new technologies at field scale is an undercurrent to the report’s recommendations, with the freedom to conduct broad experimental campaigns in various geologic settings. The JASON EGS Report was developed during a summer study period that began with a two-day briefing in La Jolla, California, where members of the geothermal community were invited to present state-of-the-art EGS technology developments alongside key challenges. After two days of talks and discussion, JASON study members visited the Coso geothermal field for a comprehensive tour of the site’s geologic features, infrastructure, and the Navy geothermal plant. These interactions provided a background that the JASON group culminated into a final report to be released in January 2014. GEOThERmAl TEChNOlOGIES OffICE 14 15 2013 ANNuAl REpORTPDF Image | Geothermal Technologies Office Annual Report
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