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The hydroelectricity potential of Latin America is vast. Information from INTPOW, Norway’s renewable resources nonprofit, indicates that Latin America has enough hydroelectricity potential to meet demand for the foreseeable future. However, it is unlikely the region will develop all those resources. Hydroelectric potential is concentrated in few countries—notably Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru—and in areas that are difficult to access. Large hydroelectric projects, preferred since they benefit from economies of scale, are drawing increased opposition from environmental groups and local communities. Their approval processes are lengthy and confrontational. Despite this, large projects are planned in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. One of the more controversial is the 11.2 gigawatt (GW) Belo Monte project in Brazil’s Amazon region. Opposition to Chile’s US$10 billion HidroAysén project is also strong. That project calls for building five dams on the Baker and Pascua rivers in southern Chile’s Aysén Region. Latin America’s non-renewable resources, excluding hydroelectricity, account for a modest 2 percent of the electricity mix. From the options available, wind power—with its mature technology and declining costs—offers perhaps the best chance for greater development. In fact, wind generation is calculated at around US$60 per megawatt hour (MWh) in Mexico, one of the least expensive rates in the world. Average wind power costs in Brazil are also competitive at around US$83 MWh. As with other resources, the potential of wind power generation is unequally distributed in Latin America. Mexico and Argentina have attractive wind base potential. Wind power’s key advantage is its ability to complement hydroelectricity generation since the generation of each is independent from the other. To fully benefit from wind power, however, Latin America must develop regional trade and exchange mechanisms. Biomass is already an important source of power generation in Brazil, Colombia, and Central America. Its growth is influenced by sugar mills’ ability to expand production and by changes in sugar prices. A prohibition against burning field trash and other regulations could further encourage the use of sugar cane residues for power generation. Despite its great potential, geothermal energy remains mostly unused in Latin America. The region’s geothermal potential could be as high as 125 terawatt hours (TWh), many times its current 11 TWh capacity. Most of that potential is concentrated in Central America, Mexico, and Chile. Human resources, regulatory and financial uncertainty, and lack of access to technology have slowed its development. Solar power also offers strong potential, particularly in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, and Argentina, but it remains largely unexploited. Generation costs estimated at US$150 to US$200 MWh are solar power’s main barrier. The expense of connecting to the grid is another challenge. Despite this, several governments include solar power in their renewable energy strategies. The most important of these initiatives is in Argentina, where the San Juan I 1.2 MW project requires an investment of US$10 million. The project is part of a 7PDF Image | Infrastructure and Environment Department
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