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Virtually all residential heat pump systems use HFC as the working fluid, i.e. R404A, R407C, R410A or R134a. Since the HFCs are relatively strong greenhouses gases with GWP values ranging from about 1300 to 2000, they are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol. Although the HFC leakages from residential heat pump units are relatively small, it is regarded a better long-term solution to utilize working fluids that do not have any negative impact on the global environment, such as the non-synthetic (natural) working fluids propane, propylene and carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is one of the few non-toxic and non-flammable working fluids that neither contributes to ozone depletion nor global warming, and CO2 therefore represents an interesting long- term alternative to the HFCs. CO2 has excellent thermophysical properties, and by utilizing these properties by means of optimized component and system design for the heat pump unit, the DHW system and the heat distribution system, high energy efficiency can be achieved. 3. ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR RESIDENCES Carbon dioxide (CO2, R744) has an especially low critical temperature (31.1oC) and high critical pressure (73.8 bar). As a consequence, the operating pressure in CO2 heat pump systems will typically be 5 to 10 times higher than that of HFC systems, i.e. 20 to 40 bar in the evaporator and 80 to 130 bar during heat rejection. Due to the low critical temperature most CO2 heat pumps operate in a so-called transcritical cycle with evaporation at subcritical pressure and heat rejection at supercritical pressure (p>73.8 bar). Unlike a subcritical heat pump cycle, heat is not given off by means of condensation of the working fluid in a condenser but by cooling of high-pressure CO2 gas in a heat exchanger (gas cooler). The temperature drop for the CO2 gas during heat rejection is denoted the temperature glide. Figure 3.1 shows the principle of the transcritical CO2 heat pump cycle in a Temperature-Enthalpy diagram. Figure 3.1 Principle illustration of the transcritical CO2 heat pump cycle in T-h diagram. 1-2: Com- pression, 2-3: Heat rejection in a gas cooler, 3-4: Expansion/throttling, 4-1: Evaporation. 3.1 The Lorentz Cycle – Lorentz Efficiency For conventional heat pump cycles the reversed Carnot cycle is used as the theoretical reference cycle. For the transcritical CO2 cycle, where heat is given off at a gliding temperature, the modified Lorentz cycle is more suitable as the theoretical reference cycle. This cycle is characterized by the following changes of state: 1 – 2s 2s – 3 3 – 4s 4s – 1 Isentropic compression Isobaric heat rejection (gliding temperature) Isentropic expansion Isothermal heat absorption Figure 3.2 shows the principle of the modified Lorenz cycle in a Temperature-Entropy (T-s) diagram. International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 4PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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