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Figure 3.2 Illustration of the modified Lorenz cycle which is used as reference cycle for CO2 heat pumps. The COP of the modified Lorentz cycle is defined as: COPLZ = which gives Tm and Tm =T2s −T3 T−T ⎛T⎞ (3.1) m 0 ln⎜ 2s ⎟ ⎝ T3 ⎠ T2s −T3 (T2s−T3)−T0⋅ln⎜ 2s⎟ COPLZ = where the subscripts 2s and 3 refer to the inlet and outlet temperature of the heated fluid (heat sink), T0 is the temperature of the heat source and Tm is the thermodynamic average temperature during heat rejection. While the Carnot efficiency is used as a measure for the thermodynamic efficiency of a conventional heat pump cycles, the Lorentz efficiency (ηLZ) is used for the transcritical CO2 cycles – defined as: ηLZ = COPHP (3.2) COPLZ where the subscript HP refers to the real CO2 heat pump cycle. Table 3.1 shows, as an example, the measured COP of a residential CO2 heat pump unit for low-temperature space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) heating (COPHP), the Lorentz COP (COPLZ) and the Lorentz efficiency (ηLZ) for the units (Stene, 2004). The COP for the reversed Carnot cycle (COPC) is also shown. Table 3.1 Measured COP (COPHP) and calculated Lorentz COP, Carnot COP and Lorentz efficiency for residential CO2 heat pumps for floor heating and heating of DHW (Stene, 2004). Heating Demand Space heating DHW heating T0 T2s 0oC 32oC 0oC 85oC T3 COPHP 28oC 3.2 10oC 3.0 COPLZ COPC ηLC 10.1 9.5 0.32 6.9 4.2 0.43 ⎛T⎞ ⎝ T3 ⎠ (3.2) Table 3.1 shows that the thermodynamic efficiency for a CO2 heat pump water heater is about 25% higher than that of a CO2 heat pump system for low-temperature space heating due to the better temperature fit between the cooling and heating curves of CO2 and water in the gas cooler. Consequently, integrated CO2 heat pumps are regarded as promising heating systems in low-energy houses and passive houses, since the annual heating demand for DHW typically constitutes 50 to 85% of the total annual heating demand. International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 5PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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