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3.2 Maximum Achievable COP The main factors that determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) for a single-stage CO2 heat pump are: • Evaporator – the evaporation temperature (te) • Compressor – the overall isentropic efficiency (ηis) • Gas cooler – the mean temperature during heat rejection (tm) o The optimum gas cooler pressure (pgc) o The CO2 outlet temperature (t3) • Possible recovery of expansion energy o Ejector o Expander Figure 3.3 illustrates a trancritical single-stage CO2 heat pump cycle in a Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) diagram. In this case, the CO2 at about 95 bar pressure (pgc) is cooled from about 110oC (t2) to 40oC (t3) in the gas cooler. Due to the relatively high CO2 outlet temperature and the consequent low enthalpy difference in the gas cooler (h2-h3), the COP of the heat pump is relatively low (2.7). If the CO2 outlet temperature can be further reduced to e.g. 25oC or 10oC, the COP will increase by 25% and 55%, respectively. Figure 3.3 Illustration of a single-stage transcritical CO2 heat pump cycle in p-h diagram. Since the discharge gas temperature from the compressor in a CO2 heat pump cycle is relatively high (>80oC), a CO2 heat pump can meet high-temperature heating demands. However, in order to achieve a high COP for a CO2 heat pump system, it is essential that useful heat is rejected over a large temperature range, resulting in a large enthalpy difference for the CO2 in the gas cooler (h2-h3) and a relatively low CO2 tempe- rature (t3) before the expansion/throttling valve. This in turn presupposes a relatively low inlet water tempe- rature in the gas cooler, i.e. a low return temperature in the (hydronic) heat distribution system and/or a low inlet water temperature from the domestic hot water (DHW) tank. Figure 3.4 shows, as an example, the maximum achievable COP of a single-stage CO2 heat pump unit as a function of the CO2 outlet temperature from the gas cooler (t3) and the gas cooler pressure (pgc). In this case the evaporation temperature (te) is -5oC, the overall isentropic efficiency (ηis) for the compressor is 0.55 and the gas cooler pressure ranges (pgc) from 75 to 120 bar (7.5 to 12 MPa). International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 6PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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