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Figure 3.4 The maximum achievable COP for a single-stage CO2 heat pump cycle at -5oC evaporation temperature, 55% isentropic compressor efficiency and 75 to 120 gas cooler pressure. It should also be noted that the input power to the compressor is more or less proportional to the gas cooler pressure (pgc), i.e. the higher the gas cooler pressure, the lower the COP. Consequently, CO2 heat pumps should preferably be designed for a moderate optimum gas cooler pressure. 3.3 Optimum Design of the Gas Cooler and the DHW System Integrated (combined) heat pump systems (IHPS) provide both space heating and hot water heating, and the heat is normally rejected to a hydronic heat distribution system. An integrated heat pump system can be designed for high energy efficiency, but in the design process there will always be a trade-off between technical solutions, that reduce the thermodynamic losses in the system, and first costs. The main operating modes of an integrated CO2 heat pump system are: • DHW mode – heating of domestic hot water (DHW) • SH mode – space heating • Combined mode – simultaneous space heating and DHW heating The CO2 outlet temperature from the gas cooler is determined by: • DHW storage tank and heat distribution system o Thedesignandtemperaturecharacteristics • Gas cooler unit(s) o The design and heat exchanger configuration • The compressor discharge temperature (t2) o The evaporation temperature (te) o Possible superheating by a suction gas heat exchanger o The optimum gas cooler (high-side) pressure (pgc) o The isentropic efficiency of the compressor (ηis) • Mass flow rates through the counter-flow gas cooler o CO2 (mCO2) o Water (mW) International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 7PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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