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The COP in the SH mode was roughly 20 to 30% lower than that of the Combined mode. This was a result of the bad temperature fit between the CO2 and the water, and the fact that the CO2 outlet temperature from the gas cooler (t3) was limited by the relatively high return temperature in the space heating system. The seasonal performance factor (SPF) for the prototype CO2 heat pump and a high-efficiency residential brine-to-water HFC heat pump has been estimated, assuming constant inlet brine temperature for the evapo- rator (0oC) and constant temperature levels in the space heating system (35/30oC) and the DHW system (10/60oC). An improved CO2 heat pump system with 10% higher COP than the prototype system was also investigated in order to demonstrate the future potential of the CO2 system. Higher COP can be achieved by using a more energy efficient compressor, optimizing the tripartite gas cooler or replacing the throttling valve by an ejector. The latter is capable of increasing the COP by typically 10 to 20% (Stene, 2004). For the CO2 heat pump systems, the thermodynamic losses in the DHW tank due to mixing and internal conductive heat transfer were not included when calculating the SPF. The HFC system used a shuttle valve for prioritized DHW heating. Table 3.3 shows the COPs for the heat pump systems at the selected operating conditions. Table 3.3 The COPs for the brine-to-water CO2 and HFC heat pump systems. Prototype CO2 heat pump Improved CO2 heat pump HFC heat pump • COP = 3.0 – SH mode at 35/30oC • COP = 3.8 – DHW mode at 10/60oC – no electric reheating • COP = 3.9 – Combined mode at 35/30oC and 10/60oC • COP = 3.3 – SH mode at 35/30oC • COP = 4.2 – DHW mode at 10/60oC – no electric reheating • COP = 4.3 – Combined mode at 35/30oC and 10/60oC • COP = 4.8 – SH mode at 35/30oC • COP = 3.0 – DHW mode at 10/60oC – no electric reheating Table 3.3 demonstrates that integrated CO2 heat pumps and conventional heat pumps have reversed COP characteristics, i.e. the CO2 units achieve the highest COP during operation in the DHW mode and the Combined mode, whereas the conventional units achieve the highest COP in the SH mode. In Figure 3.14 the calculated SPFs for the three residential heat pump systems during monovalent operation are presented as a function of the seasonal DHW heating demand ratio. Figure 3.14 The calculated SPF during monovalent operation for a high-efficiency HFC heat pump, the prototype CO2 heat pump and the improved CO2 heat pump. International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 13 5,0 5,0 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,0 3,5 3,5 3,0 3,0 HFC- High-efficiency HFC- High-efficiency CO2 - Prototype CO2 - Prototype CO2 - Improved CO2 - Improved 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DHW Heating Demand Ratio [%] DHW Heating Demand Ratio [%] SSeeaassoonnaal lPPeerrfoforrmaanncceeFFaacctotorr[-[]-]PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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