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Heat exhanger Turbine Generator Condenser Recuperator Cooler Fluegas Frequency inverter Main feedpump Diagram of a high-speed ORC process (Source: VTT reports 7/2001) Steam turbine and engine Steam turbines and engines are the most common technologies used in co-generation. Generally, when considering plants with the output under 1 MWe, using steam engine is better alternative in terms of cost- effectiveness than steam turbine. The steam engine can produce power from 20 kWe, which allows a decentralised application for lower output, and the process itself corresponds to a steam turbine cycle in which the turbine is replaced by a steam engine. In a steam engine system, where gasifier or direct combustion is combined with steam engine, mechanical energy is produced by the expansion of high-pressure steam, and the heat is recovered at the exit of the engine. Exhaust gas resulting from combustion passes through a boiler in which steam is generated. The steam flows into the steam engine where by expansion it is performing mechanical work that is later converted into electrical energy in the generator. After this, steam passes into the condenser where incidental condensation heat can be used as district or process heat. The water is brought to operating pressure by a feed water pump and is then fed to the boiler, thus closing the cycle. [to be added later, photo needed from partners] Diagram of steam engine/turbine cycle (Source: ????s) Similarly to Stirling engines, because the steam generator takes place in external boiler, basically every fuel, solid, liquid or gaseous, is applicable to this system. Most common fuels used are solid ones: coal, peat and biomass. Applications All of presented minor CHP technologies are meant to use for decentralised power and heat supply of output upward from around 10 kWe. Examples of applications are housing estates, industry processes (especially drying processes), hospitals and sewage plants (utilisation of sewage gas). Applications for micro turbines include also steam generation in small boiler plants, high temperature water networks (over 100°C) laundries and local heat networks. In the figure below there is presented an overview of the typical technological characteristics for small-scale biomass CHP technologies. OPET RES-e - NNE5/37/2002 Boosting local technology uptake – an OPET action to support the objectives of the RES-e Directive 4 Pre feedpumpPDF Image | Micro and small-scale CHP from biomass less than 300 kWe
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