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and service business partner of Capstone Turbine Corporation in Finland. There are quite many Stirling engine manufacturers, and to mention a few: WhisperTech of New Zealand, Microgen Energy of UK, Solo of Germany, Enatec of The Netherlands and Sigma of Norway. In Finland, there are no product manufacturers, but organisations active in the field of R&D are Helsinki University of Technology, University of Jyväskylä and Vaasa Polytechnic. As mentioned earlier, active Stirling R&D is carried out at Joanneum Research in Graz and Technical University of Denmark. What comes to ORC technology in Finland, the technology development is concentrated on high-speed technology with high efficiency (power to heat ratio 0.35). Finnish actors focused on ORC R&D are Lappeenranta University of Technology and YTI Research Center co-operating with Tri-O-Gen B.V. of The Netherlands. And finally about steam turbines and engines: Wärtsilä BioPower provides biomass-fired power plants, which are based on steam turbine cycle and have the output capacity between 1.0-3.5 MWe. Units with the capacity under 1 MWe were tried in operation, but they proved non-functional. [Contribution from partners] Assessment of main future market possibilities The method by which micro CHP, i.e. units with output under 10 kWe, could enter the market is as a direct replacement for gas boilers in hydronic heating systems, and it is assumed that there are potentially large markets for micro CHP units on the dwelling sector. The countries with the greatest market potential are Germany, France, UK and The Netherlands, as these are countries having greatest proportion of total dwelling stock with central heating systems. What comes to units between 10 and 300 kW, it is the replacement of heating plant in heat only systems that provides the potential market. In this case, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Austria and Germany could offer the biggest market potential having the greatest proportion of dwellings – around 50% – linked to a district- heating scheme. Small Stirling engines are supposed to be the most likely to have the highest quantity of sales, cause they have the lowest marginal costs, shortest payback periods and can be utilised efficiently in most dwellings, from apartments to houses. ORC process is also an economically and technologically interesting solution for small-scale applications. In Finland, the most promising end users for ORC power plants are sawmills and small district heating plants of less than 10 MWth. Research and development gaps Technologies for decentralised biomass CHP plants must be robust and highly available and in addition, they must be designed to run in unmanned operation. This means, a high level of process control and process automation is necessary. Another important factor concerning all of the technologies presented is that they must have good partial load behaviour and the ability to handle quick load changes. Another issues requiring R&D resources are integration with the electricity distribution network and the home energy system. In particular, network connection standards are at the moment being developed at EU level and in the UK to facilitate the simple, safe and cost-effective connection of small and micro scale CHP units. In the area of utilising gas and diesel engines in power generation, especially anaerobic digestion applications require further R&D, cause there is a great demand to develop and implement methods to treat different industrial wastes and by-products safely. In the case of micro turbines, there is need for additional development and testing on the turbine combustion system to expand the acceptable range of gas fuel caloric values and compositions. Problems concerning utilisation of biomass fuels in connection with Stirling engine are concentrated on transferring the heat from the combustion of the fuel into the working gas. The temperature must be high in order to obtain an acceptable specific power output and efficiency. In addition, the heat exchanger must be designed so that, problems with fouling are minimised. Examples of existing projects The first biomass heating plant with a CHP cycle and Stirling engine base has been completed and will be activated in Oberlech, Austria. Plant was developed by Austrian Mawera Holzfeuerrungsanlagen. Cost-effective application possibilities ? Investigating new application possibilities OPET RES-e - NNE5/37/2002 Boosting local technology uptake – an OPET action to support the objectives of the RES-e Directive 6PDF Image | Micro and small-scale CHP from biomass less than 300 kWe
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