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International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) – Volume 3 No. 2, February, 2013 nanoofluids. The average enhancement in the Nusselt number at the given twist ratio were 156.24%, 122.16%, 89.22%. The average increase in the Nusselt number for Al2O3 were 166.84%, 128.67% and 89.22%. In case for CuO the enhancement was 179.82%, 144.29%, 105.63%. The thermal performance based on the constant pumping power criteria shows that helical screw taper inserts give better thermal performance when used with CuO/water nanofluid than with Al2O3 /water nanofluid. Massimo Corcione et al. [12] studied the heat transfer in turbulent pipe flow theoretically. The main idea is base that the concept that the nanofluid behave like a single phase fluid than like conventional solid-liquid mixture if the thermo-physical properties are provided at particular temperature. The author in regard suggested two empirical equations based on the data reported for the evaluation of the effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. Experimentation performed at the constant power and constant heat transfer rate for the different operating conditions, nanoparticles diameter and solid- liquid combination. The fundamental result obtained is the existence of optimal particle loading for either maximum heat transfer at constant driving power or minimum cost of operation at constant heat transfer rate. It is found the optimal concentration of the nanofluid increases as the bulk mean temperature increases and the Reynolds number of the base fluid also increased. K.B. Anoop et al. [13] studied experimentally the effect of particle size on the convective heat transfer in nanofluid in the developing region. The nanofluid used was Al2O3/water. The particle size selected was 45 nm and 150 nm. It is found that both the fluid shows higher heat transfer characterstics than that of the base fluid, while the 45 nm shows higher heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficient than of other fluid. It is observed that at x/D= 147, for 45 nm particle based nanofluid (4 wt%) with Re = 1550, the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was around 25% whereas for the 150 nm particle based nanofluids it was found to be around 11%. It is also observed that in 4 wt% nanofluid with average particle size 45 nm, at Re=1550, the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was 31% at x/D = 63, whereas it was 25% and 10% at x/D = 147 and 244, respectively. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of a) TiO2 and b) CuO A.A. Abbasian Arani et al. [14] studied experimentally the effect of TiO2–water nanofluid on heat transfer and pressure drop. The particle size selected was of 30 nm. The experimentation was performed for the volume fraction of 0.002 and 0.02, the Reynolds number was in between 8000 to 51000. The apparatus was in the form of horizontal double tube counter-flow heat exchanger. It is observed that by increasing the Reynolds number or nanoparticle volume fraction, the Nusselt number increases. Meanwhile all nanofluids have a higher Nusselt number compared to distilled water. It is observed that by use the nanofluid at high Reynolds number (say greater than 30,000) more power compared to low Reynolds number needed to compensate the pressure drop of nanofluid, while increments in the Nusselt number for all Reynolds numbers are approximately equal. Therefore using nanofluids at high Reynolds numbers compared with low Reynolds numbers, have lower benefits. It is also seen that, the maximum thermal performance factor of 1.8 is found with the simultaneous use of the TiO2– water nanofluid with 0.02% volume and at Reynolds number of 47,000. L. Syam Sundar, K.V. Sharma [15], studied experimentally the heat transfer enhancements of low volume concentration of Al2O3 nanofluid and with longitudinal strip inserts in a circular tube. The main aim is to study the convective heat transfer and friction factor for Al2O3/water nanofluid with different aspect ratio. Experiments are conducted with water and nanofluid in the range of 3000 < Re < 22,000, particle volume concentration 0 < u < 0.5% and longitudinal strip aspect ratios of 0 < AR < 18. The friction factor of 0.5% volume concentration nanofluid with longitudinal strip insert having AR = 1 is 5.5 times greater at 3000 Reynolds number and 3.6 times at 22,000 Reynolds number when compared to water or nanofluid flowing a tube.The heat transfer coefficient of 0.5% volume concentration Al2O3 nanofluid with longitudinal strip insert having AR = 1 is 50.12% and 55.73% greater at Reynolds number of 3000 and 22,000, respectively compared to the same fluid and 76.20% and 80.19% greater compared to water flowing in a plain tube. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) image of (a) nano-alumina and (b) nano-copper ISSN: 2049-3444 © 2013 – IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 140PDF Image | Nanofluid Heat Transfer
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