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equipment used in the process industry make use of electricity. Hence, power generation from waste heat will be a welcome technology in this industry. Amongst the low-grade waste heat to electricity generation technologies reviewed in the literature (Kalina cycles, Stirling cycles, and Organic Rankine Cycles), the Organic Rankine Cycle proves to be more favoured due to its technological advancement and maturity when compared to other cycles. A close competitor to ORC in terms of technological maturity is the Kalina cycle; however, it is highly complex and will likely be more expensive to develop, and also, unlike the ORC system which uses organic fluids and hydrocarbons, which have little or no impact on human health, Kalina cycles make use of an ammonia (poisonous gas)-water mixture as its working fluid, which may be dangerous to human health. Based on the above facts, the ORC technology has been adopted in this project. 2.1.1.1 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) As explained in section 1.3.3, ORC technology evolved from RC technology. The only difference between the two cycles is the nature of the working fluid used. The latter makes use of steam, whilst the former makes use of an organic fluid. This idea of using an organic fluid was first suggested as far back as 1823 (Leibowitz et al., 2006). Although the cost of conventional steam RC seems to be lower than that of the ORC (Hettiarachchi et al., 2006), the ability of the latter to utilize low- 32PDF Image | Northumbria Research Link
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