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7.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA is a powerful technique used to evaluate the impact of any technology or product on the environment in order to establish its sustainability. It is a crucial tool for a better understanding of how a technology may reduce the environmental footprint (Piemonte et al., 2011). The standard LCA evaluates the whole life cycle of a product from ‘cradle to grave’ (i.e. from raw material extraction to decommissioning) (Pehnt, 2007, Frick et al., 2010, Piemonte et al., 2011, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology Postnote, 2006). However, there may be other system boundaries which can be studied depending on the scope of the work; for example, the system boundaries may be from raw material to production (‘cradle to gate’) (Piemonte et al., 2011). Since the plant under study will serve as a retrofit installation to an existing plant, and since the carbon footprint of the proposed ORC technology from the cradle to the installation as a retrofit to the existing crisp manufacturing plant has to be covered by the ORC plant manufacturer, the part considered in this work which should be of concern to the crisp manufacturing plant will be from the operation phase to the decommissioning phase of the proposed ORC plant. Based on this, a new system boundary is defined in this study. The LCA covered in this study will be from ‘gate to grave’ (i.e. from the ‘use phase’ to the decommissioning phase). 7.1.1 LCA Procedure In compliance with ISO 14040 (2006) and ISO 14044 (2006), the LCA is achieved through four distinct phases, which include (Parliamentary Office of 146PDF Image | Northumbria Research Link
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