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added at 1600 psi at room temperature (23 ̊C) isothermally and isobarically. Once the desired amount of CO2 is added, the cell is pressurized to form a single phase. The cell is mixed at this pressure until equilibrium is achieved, and the cell is then depressurized until the cloud point is observed. Reactor. A 50 mL reactor, equipped with a blade stirrer and aligned sapphire windows, was used for high pressure reactions. Typically, all reactants and catalyst were added into the reactor which is then sealed, purged with CO2, and heated to the desired temperature. The reactor is then pressurized to the reaction conditions and stirred at 500 rpm. At the end of the reaction, the CO2 is vented through a valve heated through a restrictor block and slowly bubbled through heptane for collection. The remaining contents of the reactor are sampled and all samples were analyzed on LC-MS. RESULTS/ DISCUSSION CO2 as a solvent. Our results show that scCO2 is efficient at extracting triglycerides with a FAME yield that is comparable to conventional organic solvents at select pressures and temperatures. The isobars seen in Figure 4 show that at 100 ̊C and 6000 psi, that the yield is comparable with that of conventional solvent extraction. Milder reaction conditions may be possible with the use of cell pretreatment or careful algae strain selection. [43]. In addition to being efficient at extracting the desired product of TG, scCO2 is also selective against other undesirable compounds for fuel production such as pigments and phospholipids. Even at the most extreme conditions tested, scCO2 extraction only had 15% of the pigment density (Figure 5) and no phospholipids in the fuel product as compared to extraction using conventional organic solvents. This selectivity is significant as pigments are undesirable in the fuel product [46] and phospholipids can poison the catalyst for transesterification [47]. An elemental analysis of the lipid extracts also shows an 18% reduction in the nitrogen content of the fuel product as compared to conventional organic solvents, important for the minimization of NOx formation during combustion of the biodiesel (Table 1). Table 1: Elemental analysis of algal lipid extraction by conventional solvent and scCO2 extraction at 4800 psi, 80 ̊C Figure 4: FAME yield from wet, frozen algae extracted by scCO2 across temperature shown as a percentage of the conventional extraction yield for FAME on a per mass basis. Figure 5: Isotherm data for pigment (pheophytin A) extracted with scCO2 at varying temperature shown as a percentage of extract from conventional solvents.PDF Image | One-Pot Algal Biodiesel Production in Supercritical CO2
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