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TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 2-1: ENGINEERING DRAWING OF S-CO2 COMPRESSION LOOP TEST SKID.......................................................................... 15 FIGURE 2-2: SCHEMATIC OF SUPERCRITICAL COMPRESSION LOOP USING A 50 KWE MOTOR DRIVING A RADIAL COMPRESSOR AT 75,000 RPM WITH A FLOW RATE OF 3.51 KG/S...................................................................................................................... 16 FIGURE 2-3: SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE MOTOR-DRIVEN S- CO2 COMPRESSOR. THIS CONFIGURATION USES BALL BEARINGS AND HAS NO TURBINE. ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 FIGURE 2-4: PHOTO OF THE SANDIA S-CO2 COMPRESSION LOOP AS ASSEMBLED DURING THE SUMMER OF 2008......................... 17 FIGURE 2-5: TURBO-ALTERNATOR-SHAFT DESIGN FOR THE SNL S-CO2 TEST LOOP. THIS CONFIGURATION USES GAS-FOIL BEARINGS AND INCLUDES A SMALL TURBINE (RED). ............................................................................................................ 18 FIGURE 2-6: SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF THE HEATED UN-RECUPERATED SUPERCRITICAL CO2 BRAYTON LOOP.................................... 19 FIGURE 2-7: ENGINEERING DRAWING OF THE HEATED BUT UN-RECUPERATED BRAYTON LOOP. .................................................. 19 FIGURE 2-8: PHOTO OF THE HEATED, BUT UN-RECUPERATED, BRAYTON LOOP. THE FOREGROUND SHOWS THE HEATERS, THE BACK GROUND SHOWS THE MODIFIED S-CO2 TEST LOOP WITH THE TURBOMACHINE CONFIGURED AS A TURBO- ALTERNATOR-COMPRESSOR................................................................................................................................................. 20 FIGURE 2-9: TEMPERATURE ENTROPY DIAGRAM FOR CO2 NEAR THE CRITICAL POINT. THE GREEN CURVES INDICATE THE T-S PATH FOR CO2 FLOW IN THE GAS CHILLER, IN THE COMPRESSOR, AND DURING HEATING IN EITHER THE RECUPERATOR OR A HEATER. THE RED LINES SHOW THE RANGE OF COMPRESSOR INLET CONDITIONS THAT WE INTENT TO OPERATE THE LOOP AT. NOTETHATTHETESTLINESROUGHLYFOLLOWTHELINESONCONSTANTDENSITY,ANDTHEYVARYFROMALOW DENSITY OF 0.15 KG/LITER TO A HIGH OF 0.80 KG/LITER OVER A TEMPERATURE RANGE FROM 290 K TO 318 K. THE BLUE DOTTED LINE SHOWS THE PSEUDO-CRITICAL POINTS WHERE LARGE PEAKS IN THE HEAT CAPACITY AND VISCOSITY ARE OBSERVED. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 3-1: DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWING OF THE MOTOR-DRIVEN COMPRESSOR FOR THE S-CO2 COMPRESSION LOOP. THE SLOTS IN THE HOUSING PROVIDE WATER COOLING CAPABILITY........................................................................................... 25 FIGURE 3-2: NINE S-CO2 COMPRESSOR WHEELS HAVE BEEN FABRICATED. THIS IMAGE SHOWS THE COMPRESSOR WHEEL BLANK, THE FINISHED WHEEL, AND ONE OF THE TOOLS (NOT THE SMALLEST) USED TO MACHINE THE WHEEL. ................................ 26 FIGURE 3-3: ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PM ROTOR WINDAGE LOSSES, BALL BEARING THRUST CAPABILITY, LABYRINTH SEAL LEAKAGE, AND PUMP-OUT VANES ON THE COMPRESSOR WHEEL ARE REQUIRED FOR THRUST BALANCING. ......................... 27 FIGURE 3-4: THE LEFT IMAGE SHOWS AN ENGINEERING BLOW UP OF LABYRINTH SEAL. THE LIGHT BLUE RING IN MADE OF BRASS AND HAS FOUR TEETH THAT APPROACH THE STEPS ON THE ROTATING SHAFT. THE RIGHT IMAGE SHOWS A PHOTO OF THE COMPRESSOR WHEEL AND THE FOUR STEPS ON THE SHAFT. ................................................................................................. 28 FIGURE 3-5: PICTURES OF THE HASKEL PUMPS ON THE SCO2 LOOP. ............................................................................................. 28 FIGURE 3-6: PHOTOGRAPH OF TURBINE-ALTERNATOR-COMPRESSOR ASSEMBLY........................................................................ 29 FIGURE 3-7: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR THE TAC TURBINE END PLATE ............................................................... 29 FIGURE 3-8: ENGINEERING DRAWING OF THE COMPRESSOR LOOP SHOWING THE ~50 KW GAS CHILLER WITH THE OUTER WATER HOUSING JACKET REMOVED TO SHOW THE S-CO2 SPIRAL COOLING LINES........................................................................... 30 FIGURE 3-9: PHOTOS OF THE SMALL BNI FABRICATED GAS CHILLER. THE TOP PHOTOS SHOW THE CO2 TUBES COILED INSIDE THE WATER JACKET AND END FITTINGS. THE BOTTOM FIGURE SHOWS THE COMPLETED GAS CHILLER INSTALLED ON THE COMPRESSION LOOP SKID. ................................................................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 3-10: RPCSIM MODEL OF THE GAS CHILLER. THE ORANGE MODULE CALCULATES PRESSURE DROP AND THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN THE WATER LEG. THE PINK MODULE ON THE LEFT CALCULATES WATER TEMPERATURE INCREASE. THE PINK MODULE ON THE RIGHT CALCULATES HEAT TRANSFER, PRESSURE DROP, AND TEMPERATURE CHANGE FOR THE S-CO2 LEG............................................................................................................................................................. 32 FIGURE 3-11: TRACE MODEL OF THE GAS CHILLER. THE CO2 AND WATER FLOW PATHS ARE REPRESENTED BY NODALIZED PIPES. THESE PIPES ARE CONNECTED BY A HEAT STRUCTURE......................................................................................................... 33 FIGURE 3-12: PREDICTED S-CO2 AND WATER TEMPERATURES WITHIN THE SNL GAS CHILLER. THESE TEMPERATURES WERE CALCULATED USING BOTH THE RPCSIM AND TRACE CODES............................................................................................ 33 FIGURE 3-13: WATLOW 130 KWE IMMERSION HEATER DESIGN. .................................................................................................. 34 FIGURE 3-14: ASME STAMPED HEATER SHELL DESIGNED TO OPERATE AT 1000° F (810 K) ~ 2600 PSIA..................................... 35 FIGURE 3-15: PHOTO OF THE PM STATOR FOR THE SUPERCRITICAL CO2 COMPRESSION LOOP. .................................................... 36 FIGURE 3-16: MOTOR ALTERNATOR CONTROLLER. ...................................................................................................................... 37 FIGURE 3-17: SNL SUPERCRITICAL CO2 DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL SYSTEM. THE CONTROL SYSTEM ALLOWS FOR THE MONITORING OF THE STATE POINTS IN THE LOOP, COMPRESSOR SPEED CONTROL, HEATER CONTROL, COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONTROL, INVENTORY FILL CONTROL, RECIRCULATION AND ORIFICE FLOW CONTROL, A REACTOR SIMULATOR, EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN CAPABILITIES, AND FILE NAME CONTROL. ................................................ 38 6PDF Image | Operation and Analysis of a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
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