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1 Introduction Sandia National Laboratories is investigating advanced Brayton cycles using supercritical working fluids for use with solar, nuclear or fossil heat sources. The focus of this work has been on the supercritical CO2 cycle (S-CO2) which has the potential for high efficiency in the temperature range of interest for these heat sources, and is also very compact, with the potential for lower capital costs. The first step in the development of these advanced cycles was the construction of a small scale Brayton cycle loop, funded by the Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) program, to study the key issue of compression near the critical point of supercritical working fluids. The small scale loop uses modular and reconfigurable hardware to form the necessary cycle configurations needed to investigate the key features and technologies of supercritical Brayton cycles This document outlines the design of the small scale loop, describes the major components, presents models of system and compressor performance, and describes the experimental results that have been. Past efforts to study the S-CO2 Brayton cycle have largely been analytical efforts (Dostal, 2004; Gong, 2006). Prior to the S-CO2 work, SNL conducted an experimental study on low pressure closed Brayton cycles; Wright, 2006). It was this experiment that provided many insights about the fundamental operating principles of closed Brayton cycles and led to the effort to build a high pressure S-CO2 Brayton loop. This effort is hardware focused and requires the development of turbo-alternator-compressor technologies capable of operating with supercritical CO2 at very high power densities, high speeds, high pressures, and high fluid densities. Component and system design studies were performed by both Sandia and Barber- Nichols Incorporated (BNI) to develop the specifications and component designs for the S-CO2 compression and Brayton cycle test loops. The key component of these loops is the turbo-alternator-compressor unit (TAC) and the technologies used in its design. In its final configuration, the TAC uses gas foil bearings, a high speed permanent magnet motor/alternator and labyrinth gas seals to reduce the rotor cavity pressure. Because of the extremely high power densities and fluid density, Sandia has filed a Technical Advance for the TAC design. The early tests are focused on measuring leakage flow rates, windage losses, balancing thrust loads and measuring the compressor performance characteristics. Many of these early tests used ball bearings (with limited life) rather than gas foil bearings to allow for early testing and to minimize gas foil bearing development risks. SNL is working to develop large (>10 MW) S-CO2 Brayton units for various electrical production schemes. As a first step in a phased development program, Sandia has contracted BNI, a small specialty turbo-machinery corporation (Barber Nichols, 2008), to perform detailed design, manufacture, and assembly of the S-CO2 compression loop. This early Sandia S-CO2 compression loop is intended to study the stability and control issues of the supercritical Brayton cycle near the critical point (Wright, 2008). The manufacture and assembly of the S-CO2 loop was completed in May 2008. The testing and commissioning phase of this device continued through the end of the 2009 fiscal year. This document summarizes the performance characteristics of the turbomachinery and operating characteristics of the loop. 11PDF Image | Operation and Analysis of a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
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