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P P P s se e eu a i u ud in n n C d do L l L L i o oC C o in n e le e C C t t t e e r ri i t t ti i c ca a l M M a O p O Ou ut tl l om m mp p M i Inlet M Ma a ai n n n C C Co o om m mp p G 0.80 . F 0.75 Pseudo Crtical T In Gas Chiller Pseudo Critical T In Compressor 5 0 E A E 0 0. 6 6 5 5 0 5 0. .4 4 0 0 B . 2 25 C C h h i i il ll le e r r I r I n n l l e e et t t D C D 0 C 0 . 0. B A . 2 2 0 0 0 0. .1 1 5 Liquid Vapor 12 kg 14 kW 43 kg 50 kW Figure 5-2: Temperature entropy diagram for CO2 near the critical point. The green curves indicate the T-S path for CO2 flow in the gas chiller, in the compressor and during heating in either the recuperator or a heater. The red lines show the range of compressor inlet conditions that we intend to operate the loop at. Note that they roughly follow the lines on constant density and vary from a low density of 0.15 kg/liter to a high density of 0.80 kg/m3 over a temperature range from 290 K to 318 K. The blue dotted line shows the pseudo-critical points where large peaks in the heat capacity and viscosity are observed. The blue dotted line in Figure 5-2 shows the approximate location of the pseudo-critical line. This line represents temperature and pressure conditions where large increases in heat capacity are observed due to the vaporization-like processes that are occurring at the pseudo-critical point. Note that at the design conditions, the pseudo-critical point occurs in the gas chiller. The increased heat capacity near the pseudo- critical point increases the heat transfer coefficient (through the Prandtl number) and causes a very low ΔT in the heat rejection gas-chiller. This means that at this point in the gas chiller the heat transfer is nearly isothermal and approaches boiling/condensation-like heat transfer processes. Note, that by moving the compressor inlet conditions to the right in this T-S plot (by lowering the fill inventory) the pseudo-critical point can be made to occur in the compressor. We intend to operate the loop with the pseudo-critical point in the gas chiller and in the compressor. These tests have not been performed to date. The data acquisition and control system that Sandia uses was developed to help the operators understand and visually determine where the operating state points are with respect to the liquid-vapor saturation dome and the critical point. This control system was developed by Prime Core Systems on contract to Sandia (PrimeCore Systems, 2008). A number of plots are provided in this controller to help the operator. Figure 5-3 shows an image from our control system illustrating the T-S diagram of S-CO2 which plots the state points for one experiment that stepped the shaft speeds from 10,000 rpm to 65,000 rpm. The red dots show the T-S locations at compressor inlet, the compressor outlet (green), and after the expansion valve (blue) which is also the location just before the gas chiller. Lines of constant pressure are also 46 Wet Compressor Inlet Conditions Cold Start UpPDF Image | Operation and Analysis of a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
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