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122 TAYLOR CARBONELL DESIMONE 2.1 and the rational design of surfactants for CO2—are the enabling key discoveries that will allow the emerging CO2 technology platform to be sustainable and hence have a positive impact on society. Fluoropolymers and CO2 Fluoropolymers are used in many technologically demanding applications because of their balance of high-performance properties. Several significant impediments to the synthesis of commercially important fluoropolymers exist, including their general insolubility in most solvents, the undesirable effect of chain transfer of flu- oroolefin radicals to most hydrogen containing solvents (hence the extensive use of chlorofluorocarbon solvents), and their high hydrophobicity (which necessitates the use of specially fluorinated surfactants when synthesized in water). Prepar- ing these technologically important materials in supercritical CO2 can circumvent the environmental concerns for CFCs and can avoid the ensemble of problems associated with their synthesis in water. The feasibility of utilizing liquid or super- critical CO2 as a reaction medium has been demonstrated by DeSimone et al for the homogenous solution polymerization of poly(1,1-dihydroperfluoroctyl acry- late) [poly(FOA)] (9) and for the heterogeneous precipitation polymerization of fluoroolefins such as tetrafluoroethylene (10) (Figure 6). Using 60 w/v% solids in a homogeneous phase with supercritical CO2, high molar mass homo- and copolymers (∼106 g/mol) of fluorinated acrylate monomers were obtained at high conversion (>95%) (9). Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) were syn- thesized in high yields employing bis(perfluoro-2-propoxypropionyl) peroxide as a free radical initiator in supercritical CO2 (11). Melt viscosities of the isolated poly- mer were too high to measure by conventional methods, indicating that molecular weights were in excess of 1 × 106 g/mol. Recent efforts by Charpentier et al have demonstrated the feasibility of performing a continuous, once-through system for precipitation polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) in supercritical CO2 (12). The polymerization was initiated by diethyl peroxydicarbonate at 75◦C and 275 bar. The conversion of VF2 in these polymerizations ranged from 7% to 24%—an acceptable range because the unreacted monomer is continuously recycled. Polymerization of fluoropolymers in CO2 opens the door of possibility for the commercialization of CO2-based fluoropolymer polymerizations. DuPont has led Figure 6 Synthesis of poly(FOA) in carbon dioxide.PDF Image | OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION
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