OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION

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CARBON DIOXIDE TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 129 Figure 11 Methods utilized during free meniscus coating. By definition, any coating technique that utilizes gravity and a meniscus to form a coating is considered free meniscus coating. The meniscus is used to deter- mine properties including withdrawal, drainage, slot, and continuous coating (24) (Figure 11). Various substrates, such as discrete objects—like plates, spheres, and manufactured parts—and filaments and biers, are typically coated by this tech- nique. Almost all the solvents employed are organic and regulated by the Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. As one can imagine, nonuniform films often result from this coating technique, as concentration gradients provide a limited control of solvent evaporation. In addition, thin films are difficult to create because with- drawal velocities limit production capacity, and the physical property modifiers decrease control of the film quality. Liquid CO2 should be a good FMC solvent. Thin liquid films are possible using CO2, and low viscosity and shear stress reduce gradients and rough surface effects. In addition, density manipulations aid in controlling film thickness. Evaporation is regulated using pressure gradients where the main driving force is the difference between the vaporization pressure and the system pressure (Figure 12, see color insert). One potential application for free meniscus coating from liquid CO2 arises in the electronics industry. Hard disks are the primary storage device in most computers. PFPE lubricant is currently applied by dip coating in a fluorocarbon solvent. PFPEs are soluble in liquid and supercritical CO2, opening the door to new opportunities for FMC.

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