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132 TAYLOR CARBONELL DESIMONE 4.2 Microemulsions Over the past six years a lot of attention has been given to surfactant-stabilized water dispersed into a continuous CO2 phase (19, 46, 46a–i). Spectroscopic evi- dence has been presented for the formation of these microemulsions (47). Sur- factants reported to stabilize water-in-CO2 microemulsion include ammonium carboxylate perfluoroether (PFPE-COO−NH +) (46, 48, 49), the hybrid hydro- 4 carbon-fluorocarbon C F CH(OSO −Na+)C H (46a), a di-chain hybrid surfac- 7 15 3 7 15 tant (C H )-(C F )-CHSO −Na+ (46b), and di(1H,1H,5H-octafluoro-n-pentyl) 715715 4 sodium sulfosuccinate (di-HCF4) (46c–e). The safe and tunable environment af- forded by w/c microemulsion has recently been exploited as a host for a wide variety of hydrophiles (46e) and a protein bovine serum albumin (46f), as well as a reaction vessel for small organic molecules (46g) and cadmium sulfide semi- conductor nanoparticles (46h). The low pH range of the w/c microemulsion has been varied to values of 5–7 with the addition of a buffer, lending these types of systems to enzymatic reactions that exhibit optimum catalytic turnover of substrate at higher pH values (46i). 4.3 Dry Cleaning and Degreasing Industries Throughout the world there is an increasing concern regarding the contamination of ground water as a result of the negligence of industrial manufacturers and ser- vice industries that were not, and some that are still not, good stewards of our environment. Unfortunately, the levels of stewardship suggested by solvent man- ufacturers to solvent users over the past 50 years may have been inadequate to fully protect our environment. Many communities in the United States face the threat of their drinking water supplies being contaminated with trichlorethylene, perchloroethylene (perc), and petroleum as a result of cleaning and degreasing operations such as dry cleaning and metal finishing. These alarming situations are exemplified by the now well-known incidences such as the Cuyahoga River fire in Ohio and the linkage between ground water contamination and illness portrayed in the book and movie “A Civil Action.” Most recently, studies reported (60) by researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medical found that pregnant women who work in dry cleaners where perc is used had a miscarriage rate of about 20%, nearly double the rate for those not working in the industry. In addition, researchers at the Silent Spring Institute (61) found a possible linkage between the high rate of cancer among wealthy women and their frequent use of dry cleaning. Clearly, communities around the nation are concerned about con- tamination of their drinking water by dry cleaning solvents (62, 63). CO2 offers an important and economically viable pollution prevention solution for many of the problems now facing the cleaning industries. 4.3.1 Dry Cleaning of Garments The dry cleaning industry is an $8 billion service industry in the United States and a $24 billion industry globally. There are an estimated 100,000 dry cleaning machines distributed around the worldPDF Image | OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION
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