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CARBON DIOXIDE TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 133 and 80%–90% of them utilize perc as the primary cleaning solvent. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified perc as a groundwater contami- nant and a probable human carcinogen. In recent years, government regulations and greater consumer awareness of environmental and health issues has lead the dry cleaning industry to search for a safer alternative to perc. Petroleum-based solvents were considered, but the associated disadvantages are numerous includ- ing their potential to ignite, zoning restrictions, taxation for use, and govern- mental regulations. Furthermore, the potential for ground water contamination is similar to the problem encountered with underground storage tanks for gas stations. Liquid CO2 is an environmentally safe alternative solvent for the dry cleaning and other cleaning industries to consider. MICELLTM Technologies (www.micell. com), a company cofounded by DeSimone, introduced a novel liquid CO2 clean- ing process (MicareTM) that has been developed and favorably recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency and the garment and textile care industry. The MicareTM process is a CO2-based cleaning system that poses no environmental or human health risk, lowers energy consumption, saves money, improves cleaning performance, and reduces environmental regulatory burdens. MICELLTM Tech- nologies has introduced a liquid CO2 dry cleaning machine that is fully automated and equipped with an ultrafine (5–10 micron lint filter) filtration system. More than 98% of the CO2 used during the cleaning cycle is recycled. In addition, the nonhazardous detergent system is also recycled. The machine uses a large conven- tional rotating basket and has a 60 lb cleaning capacity with a 40 minute cleaning cycle (Figure 14). With an overwhelmingly favorable response from dry cleaners, sixty machines are expected to be in place by the end of 2000. This introduction by MICELLTM Technologies is now encouraging others such as Global Technologies (www.globaltechnol.com) to enter the market. 4.3.2 Metal Degreasing Industries Manufacturing industries have traditionally used CFCs and other halogenated solvents for the precision cleaning of metal surfaces. Approximately 170 million pounds of CFC-113 and methyl chloroform were used in 1993 in the United States alone for vapor degreasing operations (64). The search for an alternative solvent intensifies as regulations restrict the use of CFCs. Many are looking for a solvent that matches the degreasing power of CFCs without the environmental problems. Replacements such as perfluorocar- bons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons are only short-term solutions with many prob- lems including toxicity issues, financial burdens, and environmental concerns of their own. Aqueous cleaning replacements are being considered, but there are still several disadvantages including poor performance in comparison to halogenated solvents, copious amounts of waste that require special handling procedures, ex- tensive drying steps to remove residual water, and flash rusting. Hoggan et al (65) have developed a process that uses CO2 and specially designed detergents to re- move cutting oils, drawing oils, and other metal contaminates. The process utilizes liquid CO2 (with a density similar to water but a viscosity like that of a gas) andPDF Image | OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION
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