OPTIMISING THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY

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for an internal combustion engine (ICE). They found that fluids with a lower critical temperature caused an increase in the temperature difference between the exhaust gas and the working fluid in the evaporator, and hence gave rise to irreversibility, which had negative effects on system performance. They also established that the performance of dry fluids was always better than that of wet fluids with lower critical temperature. Chacartegui et al. (2009) reviewed a combined system, where ORC with different organic working fluids was used as the bottoming cycle for a modern high efficiency gas turbine, like recuperative gas turbines. They concluded that the combined cycle based on the commercial gas turbine data and ORCs showed that ORCs were an interesting and competitive option when combined with high efficiency gas turbines with low exhaust temperature. Saleh et al. (2007) carried out a thermodynamic screening of 31 pure component working fluids for ORCs, using the BACKBONE equation of state. They found that the thermal efficiency of wet fluids increased significantly when combining superheating with the regeneration system while that of the dry fluids decreased by superheating. They also observed that without the regeneration, the utilization of the available heat source was limited due to a high pinch point temperature. Liu et al. (2002a) investigated the effects of working fluids on ORC for waste heat recovery. They found that the presence of hydrogen bonds in certain molecules such as water, ammonia, and ethanol resulted in wet fluids due to larger vaporizing enthalpy, and are thus regarded as inappropriate for ORC systems. They also concluded that the thermal efficiency for working fluids is 36

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