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through the membrane pores, according to the Knudsen Mechanism (Wirth and Corinne, 2002, Drioli et al., 2006). The nature of the driving force together with the hydrophobic character of the membrane allows − at least theoretically – the complete rejection of non-volatile solutes like macromolecules, colloidal species, ions etc. (Drioli et al., 2006). The required feed temperature varies from 30 to 50oC, thus permitting the efficient recycling of low-grade or waste heat streams, as well as the use of alternative energy sources like solar, wind or geothermal. Unlike RO systems, it does not suffer from concentration polarization. It achieves high permeate recovery factors or retentate concentration (Drioli et al., 2006). However, it has some shortcomings when compared with RO systems such as lower permeate flux, higher energy consumption and higher costs. It is mainly implemented as a supplement for the treatment of the rejected water in the RO process (Liu et al., 2008, Drioli et al., 2006) because of its high separation performance (Xu et al., 2005). The water purification technologies presented above involve the direct use of heat for desalination applications. However, heat can also be used indirectly for wastewater treatment. A typical example is the ORC-driven RO system. The RO process is a general and widely applicable technique for separation, concentration or fractionation of inorganic or organic substances in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, by letting the fluid mixture flow under pressure through an appropriate porous membrane, and withdrawing the membrane- permeated product (which is enriched in one or more constituents of the mixture) generally at atmospheric pressure and surrounding temperature 56PDF Image | OPTIMISING THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY
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