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(Agrawal and Sourirajan, 1969). A schematic diagram of the RO desalination process showing the detailed parts of the membrane is shown in Figure 2−6. The process involves no heating of the membrane and no phase change in the product recovery. The first successful RO application in water desalination technology was in brackish water desalination and the first large- scale plant was constructed in the late 1960s (Van der Bruggen and Vandecasteele, 2002). Ever since its first application in brackish water desalination, advances in membrane technology have led to higher permeability, which made RO systems become competitive with the classical distillation techniques. The RO process requires the feed stream to be pumped through a semi-permeable membrane with a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure of the feed stream (Van der Bruggen and Vandecasteele, 2002, Agrawal and Sourirajan, 1969, Fritzmann et al., 2007, Sherwood et al., 1965). Currently RO is by far the most widespread type of membrane-based water desalination process, and it is capable of rejecting nearly all colloidal or dissolved matter from an aqueous solution, producing a brine concentrate and a permeate which consists of almost pure water (Fritzmann et al., 2007). It also consumes the least energy (in the form of electrical energy used to drive the high pressure pump (HPP)) when compared with the other desalination processes discussed previously (Fritzmann et al., 2007). The energy consumption is usually in the range of 0.4–7 kWh/m3. 57PDF Image | OPTIMISING THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY
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