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OPTIMISING THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY

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OPTIMISING THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY ( optimising-thermal-energy-recovery )

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working principle of the cycle has been explained previously in section 2.1.1.1. There are four major thermodynamic processes involved in an ideal ORC system, as shown in Figures 5-3 and 5-4. • Process 1−4: this is an isobaric (constant pressure) heat addition to the working fluid contained in the heat exchanger. This process can be divided into three zones depending on the nature of the process. These zones include: preheating (1−2), evaporation (2−3) and superheating (3−4). • Process 4−5: This is an isentropic expansion process in which it is assumed that there is no heat transfer (adiabatic), friction losses or fluid leakage in the expander. • Process 5−8: This is also an isobaric heat removal process from the working fluid contained in the heat exchanger, otherwise known as the condenser. As in the process 1−4, this heat transfer process can also be subdivided into three zones, which include: de-superheating (5−6), condensation (6−7) and subcooling (7−8). However, in a real ORC system there are irreversibilities which lower the cycle efficiency, as proved earlier through the Clausius theorem for irreversible cycles. The irreversibility occurs mainly during the following processes: 105

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