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Organic Rankine Cycle Solar-Thermal Powerplants

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Organic Rankine Cycle Solar-Thermal Powerplants ( organic-rankine-cycle-solar-thermal-powerplants )

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10 Figure 2.5: Showing the trend in the shape of the liquid-vapor dome in the T-S plane for organic fluids of increasing molecular weight (MW) Steam Rankine cycles, operate with sub-atmospheric condensing pressures, typically close to 1 psia (7 kPa), in order to achieve high efficiencies. The inevitable result of sub- atmospheric condensation is the infiltration of non-condensable gases into the working- fluid flow requiring the addition of de-aeration equipment or de-aerating feedwater heaters. The variety of organic working fluids available enables the tailoring of system operating pressures to what is appropriate for particular applications. Many organic fluids have saturation pressures well above atmospheric pressure for temperatures that are typically achievable in air and water-cooled condensers. Super-atmospheric condensation enables the design of low or no-maintenance power cycles. This attribute is highly-desirable in remote and low-output applications where a full-time maintenance staff is not a reasonable expectation. One of the most challenging and expensive obstacles to an efficient steam Rankine cycle is the turbine. Steam turbines are complex and expensive, consisting of many stages. These stages are also used as intermediate extraction points for a complex system of feedwater heaters which serve to increase cycle efficiency and remove non-condensable gases. The turbines in organic Rankine cycles are often very simple; many designs involve only a single stage. The size and complexity advantage of organic fluid turbines is driven by higher fluid density at typical turbine operating conditions as well as much

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