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12 historical precedent this research focuses on the straight-chain alkanes and toluene as potential working fluids. Thermal stability data for candidate organic working fluids are limited, forcing approximate operational maximum temperatures to be chosen somewhat arbitrarily. The testing conditions of 315oC will be used as an upper bound for the straight chain alkanes, and 385oC for toluene based on previous successful installations [Curran, 1981]. Thermodynamic Considerations Working fluids are selected to allow operation between two available temperature boundary conditions at reasonable pressures. Particular consideration is given to condensing pressure and volume as they are directly related to cycle O&M and equipment size. Figures 2.6 and 2.7 show vapor specific volume and saturation pressure as a function of saturation temperature for several organic fluids as well as water. Vapor specific volume at saturation (condensing) conditions gives an indication of condensing equipment size. Noticing that organic fluid vapor volume varies by three orders-of-magnitude between n- pentane and n-dodecane highlights the importance of this information in making a working fluid selection. Organic fluids with low saturation volumes, like n-pentane, require smaller condensing equipment and contribute to the choice of these working fluids for applications where minimizing size and complexity are a priority. By contrast, N-dodecane is not a reasonable working fluid candidate for any application due to the massive condensing equipment it would require. Figure 2.7 shows the operating pressures corresponding to the saturation temperatures considered in Figure 2.6. Note that n-pentane operates at super-atmospheric pressures over a wide range of condensing conditions. Super-atmospheric operation is beneficial for small-scale applications by eliminated the infiltration of non-condensable gases as well as simplifying turbine design by creating small expansion pressure ratios. Toluene, like water, condenses at sub-atmospheric pressures over a realistic condensingPDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Solar-Thermal Powerplants
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