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12 ∆η = ∆w = ∆h -∆h [2.2.2] ∆q ∆h2 Constant pressure lines for water diverge rapidly, leading to increased efficiency as superheat increases. Constant pressure lines for most organic working fluids are nearly parallel, leading to decreased, unchanged or marginally improved cycle efficiencies as superheat increases [Hung et al, 1997]. In other words, the drying behavior of most organics causes the average temperature a heat rejection to increase along with the average temperature of heat addition, negating efficiency gains associated with increased temperature. Note that ORC efficiency only degrades in the absence of any form of recuperation or energy recovery. As the degree of superheat increases for an organic working fluid, the amount of available energy at the turbine exit also increases. Figure 2.9 shows cycle efficiency for both water and toluene as a function of the degree of superheat. The pressure for each working fluid is chosen such that the saturation temperature is 300oC, typical for a solar-thermal powerplant. The expansion is treated as isentropic, pump work is neglected and the working fluid is condensed at 20oC. Toluene is indicative of many organic fluids showing decreasing cycle efficiency with increasing superheat. Figure 2.9: The effect of added superheat on cycle efficiency for a steam cycle and an organic fluid cycle without recuperation 15PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Solar-Thermal Powerplants
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